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Friday, November 29, 2019

Genghis Khan Destined To Be A Hero Essays - Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan: Destined to be a Hero Genghis Khan: Destined to be a Hero Arriving in this world with a blood clot in the palm of his hand , Genghis Khan was destined to be a hero. In 1167, Genghis Khan was born to Yisugei, Chieftain of the Kiyat-Borjigid, and his wife Ho'elun. He was named Temujin (which means blacksmith) after a Tatar Chieftain his father had just captured. As a young boy, Temujin experienced many hardships after his father was poisoned by a group of Tartars. This loss of their leader caused the Kiyat tribe to scatter, leaving Temujin and his family alone. Yet, with much will power and determination Temujin developed into an intelligent, brave warrior at an early age. In 1189, when Temujin was 22, he was elected new leader of the Kiyat tribe. His rise to power came when a rival clan, the Merkit, captured his wife, Borte. The Khan of the Kereit tribe, Toghril, helped him by providing him with 20,000 soldiers. Also, Jamuka, a childhood friend provided an army. With their help Temujin destroyed the Merkit tribe. Soon after this victory his allies abandoned him and plundered his property, but he ?tactfully' captured them, taking their men and turning them into his soldiers and servants. This victory laid the foundation for his rise to power. He started taking over other clans one by one. Eventually his alliance with Toghril dissipated and he also took over the powerful Keriet tribe. This event caused him to be in direct competition for ruling power with his former ally Jamuka. Many of Jamuka's men deserted him for Temujin who they believed to be the true winner and wiser more powerful leader. This desertion resulted in Jamuka being outnumbered and the result was an easy victory. So, in 1206 Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan, "emperor of all emperors, universal ruler, oceanic king and precious warrior" Holding this title with pride, he embarked upon his quest to unite all of Mongolia. He began to build a vision of a powerful and expansive Empire. His initial unifying act was to banish the old nomadic class system and develop the first Mongolian Code of Laws - the Yassa or "Grand Law". Genghis' well structured and powerful army was the key to his success. He kept his men under firm control with harsh training and strict discipline. He kept his Kingdom on the cutting edge by teaching the army to use new weapons and strategies. Keeping whole armies completely loyal was a very difficult task, but Genghis used a system of promotion based on hard work and skill rather than birthright. With a strong army and government, his Kingdom was ready to expand. In 1209, they started their attack on the Xi Xia in Northwest China. By 1215, he had them conquered and was continued moving northeast and attacked and captured Beijing , the capital of the Jin Empire. Then after conquering the Kara-Khitai empire in 1218, he moved his conquest westward leaving China and facing the world. This world conquest was dependent on the role of the horse. As his Empire grew Genghis developed a pony express system, the Yam. This network of horse messengers carried information over hundreds of routes, a thousand miles in every direction. The Mongols valued horseback riding skills realizing that speedy, dependable transportation would create a system to unite the great Empire that eventually reached from China to the edge of the Danube. To cover the great distances, the horses and their riders were required to be very hardy and self-reliant. The soldiers had to travel hard and fast for many days without supply trains to support them. The challenge of survival created a system of complete dependence on their horses. Small packets of dried meat were laid under the saddles to soften, and rations of mare's milk butter were kept in the men's jackets. The men lived in filth, rarely bathing or ever changing their clothes. It has been said that a Mongol army could be smelled from 20 miles away. Each man had about five horses and a herd of remounts always followed the armies to ensure that there would be a sufficient amount of horses. Fresh mounts allowed men to travel faster. They usually covered over 80 miles a day. The horses also provided available fresh meat and their blood was boiled over a fire making a thick, black pudding. Also, when marching for days, the men responded to the lack of water by cutting a vein in the horse's neck and drinking the blood. In 1220, Genghis and his hordes crushed the kingdom of Krorezm which

Monday, November 25, 2019

Solid protein formulation Essay Example

Solid protein formulation Essay Example Solid protein formulation Essay Solid protein formulation Essay Introduction for solid protein preparation ( Essay title 5 ) Background: Solid protein preparation has ever been a challenge due to the deficiency of physical, chemical stablenesss and besides complications involved during protein fabrication and purification. To accomplish an acceptable shelf life, they are normally formulated into a solid signifier. Methods available include freeze drying, spray drying and supercritical fluid drying. However, freezing prohibitionist ( freeze-drying ) is the most normally used method. It can be dated back to 1890s where it was foremost tested and used in Leipzig, Germany ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . However, it was merely until the fiftiess that freeze-drying had been used in the nutrient and drug industry. Lyophilisation offers several advantages, being an sterile procedure that had been approved by the governments which enhances the shelf life of the merchandise significantly and allows rapid reconstitution of the concluding merchandise prior to utilize ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Freeze-drying procedure: Chiefly, freeze-drying involves the remotion of H2O molecules from proteins. Stability was achieved by restricting the motion of protein molecules and avoiding debasement tracts that were facilitated by H2O molecules. Procedure can be separated to three chief stairss, viz. , stop deading, primary drying and secondary drying. During freeze, temperature of protein solution was lowered until below the eutectic temperature ( Teut ) . This temperature by definition was the temperature in a mixture where solution and substance pure solids co-exist at fixed force per unit area. With increasing ice formation, concentration of unfrozen protein solution additions consequently until staying solution becomes excessively syrupy that it finally turns into an formless solid solution resembling a glass. This temperature where preparation vitrifies is known as glass passage temperature ( Tg ) . This glassy web has mechanical stableness which allows it to self-support and does non disintegrate upon the remotion of ice, go forthing behind a porous web that is easy rehydrated. Approximately 98 % of the H2O content was isolated in the signifier of ice ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . Subsequently, primary drying was preformed to take the ice via sublimation. This was achieved by providing heat to the matrix and procedure relies on the rate of sublimation of ice to chill down the formed merchandise. Conversely with repeated drying, a bed of dried bar signifiers above the ice forepart, offering opposition against sublimation. Rate of sublimation lessenings as a effect. Therefore at this point, if process uses a temperature higher than Tg so changes need to be done to avoid the prostration of matrix construction ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ; McNally E.J, 2007 ) . It is necessary to appreciate the opposition by dried bed and stairss must be taken to keep merchandise temperature below Tg ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Upon completion, secondary drying was performed to extinguish staying unfrozen H2O within the protein. Removal is done via desorption at a low force per unit area value. As H2O content diminutions, there s an addition in merchandise Tg intending Tg of the merchandise was somewhat higher than Tg initial towards the terminal of the drying procedure. This allows an addition in merchandise temperature for farther desorption. By equilibrating the addition in temperature with rate of drying, desorption of staying H2O without well transcending Tg of merchandise can be achieved. Equally long as the rate of temperature slope does non transcend 5 Â °C/hour, jobs seldom emerge ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . However, freeze-drying is recognised as an expensive process due to its tremendous energy ingestion and long processing clip ( up to few yearss ) . Hence, economical considerations are of import when sing procedure optimization. This normally means supplying a complete processing rhythm utilizing least sum of clip stoping with an terminal merchandise of acceptable quality. Optimization of freeze-drying procedure Problems were normally encountered during primary drying. Key variables to be monitored were sublimation interface temperature ( turning away of macroscopic construction prostration ) and sublimating interface place ( rating of primary drying advancement ) . These parametric quantities can be determined by both attacks mentioned below. Dynamic Parameters Estimation is an advanced manometric temperature measuring capable of set uping optimum shelf temperature and license quickest drying clip without transcending Tg of merchandise. But it merely provides stray informations ( no uninterrupted measurings ) as an mean appraisal of the province of the system ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ; 2009b ) . Furthermore surveies demonstrates that they must be interpreted with attention when important heterogeneousnesss were present within the batch ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ) . These can be overcome by matching the system with package detectors like Extended Kalman Filter ( EKF ) based perceivers EFK perceivers on the other manus, were able to set up temperature of the merchandise at any axial place and sublimating interface patterned advance, by working a single-point mensural temperature at the underside of the merchandise. It allows uninterrupted monitoring of phials placed at different places which give a direct in-line rating of batch differences. The documentation between appraisal and existent values were by and large good, except during the first portion of drying rhythm. It has been observed that the public presentation of the perceiver can be improved if it is coupled with the DPE tool ( Barresia A.A, 2009b ) . Hence, the two complementary supervising systems can be combined to obtain a robust loanblend control system. Problem in perscpective: Stresses experienced by the protein during freeze-drying However, freeze-drying is non without restrictions. In order for the merchandise to function its intent, proteins would necessitate to remain in its native province to recover its map upon rehydration. However, the procedure itself is capable of bring forthing emphasiss that would take to stop merchandise failure. These emphasiss could be subdivided into three types which are low temperature emphasis, stop deading emphasis and drying emphasis. Low temperature emphasis causes increased hydration of non polar groups and weakening of protein solvophobic interaction. Following hydration, polypeptide ironss which were compactly arranged unfolds to expose internal non-polar groups to H2O. This procedure was enthalphy driven and may explicate some denaturation theoretical account of proteins although the dynamicss may be excessively slow to unfold proteins during freeze-drying ( Privalov PL,1990 ) Cold denatured proteins illustrations were b-lactoglobulin, myoglobin and phosphoglycerate kinase ( Tang XL A ; Pikal M.J, 2005 ) . Then, stop deading procedure itself produces several stableness jobs. First, with increasing solution concentration ionic strength within atoms additions ( Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, 2007 ) . This was observed in aluminum hydrated oxide adjuvant incorporating vaccinums where atoms were so tightly packed that ionic strength dominates and collection commences ( Zapata M.I, 1984 ) . Second, surface assimilation of proteins to the ice-water interface formed during stop deading leads to the flowering of native construction. This subsequently exposes amino groups that farther facilitate inactivation via protein collection ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Rapid chilling rhythms generate larger ice H2O interface due to formation of little crystals ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ) . It was observed in fibroblast growing factors and maleate dehydragenase. Freezing besides causes pH changes by selectively clear one of the buffering species within protein solut ion. Perturbation occurs owing to increased electrostatic repulsive force between two similar charged groups at high or low pH values ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Pikal et al studies of notably more inactivation and secondary structural disturbance of b-galactosidase in Na phosphate ( NaP ) buffer than in K phosphate buffer. Effect was attributed by pH displacements of about 3 units during stop deading procedure with NaP buffer ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ; Pikal-Cleland K.A, 2000 ) . Last, stage separation besides occurs due to altered solubility of excipients at low temperatures. The procedure could give rise to different Tg values as seen with whey proteins and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose co-dried mixtures which exhibits two Tg values in to the full phase-separated system, one Tg value for non-phase-separated co-dried mixture and three Tg values for in between systems ( Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R, 2009 ; Randolph TW, 1997 ) . Drying emphasis was caused by partial riddance of the hydration shell which covers the protein surface ensuing in H bonds which played an of import function in the thermodynamic stableness of proteins being removed ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . During the remotion of H2O molecules, proteins tend to reassign protons to ionized carboxyl groups and abolish as many charge as possible. Equilibrium energies within native verifications were disrupted and favours denaturation. Reduced charge denseness besides promotes protein-protein hydrophobic interaction doing non covalent collection ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . In add-on, H2O molecules may besides function as an indispensable portion of protein active site and remotion of these molecules leads to protein inactivation as seen in muramidases. ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Since, stop deading and desiccation induces different signifiers of emphasis to do protein denaturation. Stabilizers were necessary to protect proteins from stop deading ( cryoprotection ) and desiccation ( lyoprotection ) stresses. However, effectual cryoprotectants may non move as good lyoprotectants hence add-on of two or more stabilizers are necessary in some instances. Dicuss of assorted attacks that might be taken to work out the job Addition of stabilizers: Discriminatory exclusion was proposed as the mechanism for cryoprotection. In the presence of a stabilising agent, protein favors interaction with H2O and excludes stabilizers from its sphere. The exclusion leads to a rise in protein chemical potency and consequence was relative to protein molecule surface country. Subsequently, the system minimises thermodynamically unfavorable consequence of discriminatory exclusion by favoring protein verification with the least surface country. Therefore, native province of proteins was conserved. This consequence besides applies during non-denaturating conditions as proteins constructions do non be in a distinct signifier and fluctuation from most compact verification tends to go on ( Timasheff, S.N. , 1993 ) . Two hypotheses have been proposed as the mechanism for lyoprotection. Water permutation hypothesis was based on thermodynamic stabilisation mechanism. Water-hydrogen bonds are critical in keeping thermodynamic stableness of proteins and stabilizers were able to organize similar H bonds on protein surfaces. Therefore, this acts as a replacement to the H interaction that was lost upon H2O remotion during drying. Therefore, this causes an equilibrium displacement of protein verifications towards the more stable unfolded province. Glass dynamic hypothesis was based strictly on kinetic stabilisation mechanism and scattering of proteins in a stiff, inert formless glassy solid was defined as stableness. Stabilizers acts as inert, good glass formers which provides the stiff matrix and couples the gesture of proteins with matrix construction. Subsequently, thermodynamically goaded debasement was of no concern because the system itself prevents the equilibrium displacement of protein construct ions ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Further surveies demonstrate that degree of stabilization offered was concentration dependant. Excipients with a concentration sufficient to organize a monolayer around the protein were the least necessary to achieve maximal stabilisation. Therefore, it depends on the mass ratio of excipient to targeted proteins. Further addition in mass ratio provides small benefit in offering excess protection ( YH Liao, 2002 ) . Sugars/polyols are effectual cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. A concentration of 0.3M was suggested to be the minimal concentration needed to supply stabilisation consequence. This corroborates with consequences obtained from freezed coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase and phopofructokinase. However with increasing concentration, it can really clear and do protein denaturation. Later it was found that disaccharides appeared to be the most effectual among this group of stabilizers ( Carpenter J.F, 1997 ) . However, non all proteins can be stabilised by sugar/polyols. For illustration saccharose had limited consequence in forestalling collection of recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffered saline ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Polymers can besides move as both cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. Mode of action may be due to one or more of the undermentioned belongingss: elevates merchandise Tg value, inhibits crystallization of little bracing agents and increases solution viscousness taking to restricted protein motion ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, there are restrictions. Polymers might arouse phase separation during stop deading every bit observed on recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffer solution incorporating PEG 3350, dextran T500 and NaCl ( Heller, M.C, 1999 ) . In add-on, it may do protein destabilization owing to steric hinderance which limits efficient H adhering with protein as observed in dextran ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Wetting agents on the other manus Acts of the Apostless as a cryoprotectant. It lowers the surface tenseness of protein solution ensuing in decreased inclination of protein surface assimilation. Thus collection leaning declines. It was besides proposed that bracing consequence may besides be attributed by helping protein refolding and binding which hinders proteins of wetting agents offering cryoprotection includes Tween 80 and polyoxyethylene lauryl quintessence ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, wetting agents were less effectual in protecting against thermally induced denaturation and at higher concentrations of wetting agents may destabilise a supermolecule ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . As a drumhead, different group of stabilizers offers protection via different mechanism. However, none of them were without restrictions. Considerations need to be done in taking the most appropriate 1s for the preparation. Addition of bulking agents: Bulking agents were used to accomplish physical stableness and to supply a organic structure to keep the active ingredients as active ingredient of a preparation was ever of a really little measure. These were normally used when the active concentration in the fill solution was less than 2 % weight ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) Some illustrations of bulking agents were Osmitrols and dextran. Normally crystalline agents ( Osmitrol ) were preferred because stronger dried bars with better disintegration features were formed when compared to formless agents. As mentioned antecedently, merchandise temperature must be kept below merchandises eutectic temperature and any incorrect appraisal consequences in either structural prostration or prolonged processing clip. High merchandise Tg value was hence favorable as it allows the procedure continuance to be shortened. There are two ways to increase Tg, either by adding a crystalline bulking agent ( Osmitrol ) with high eutectic temperature or an formless bulking agent with high T?g ( dextran ) ( Passot S, 2005 ) . Mannitol crystallisation along with preparations would let the primary drying freeze-drying rhythm to be carried out on a high temperature without major hazard of structural prostration. However on freeze, it may merely clear partly and organize crystallohydrate which restricts the remotion of H2O molecules on secondary drying. Besides, it exists in three different polymorph constructions ( ? , ? , and ? ) and was associated with an increased hazard of vial breakage due to volume enlargement on freeze ( Arakawa T, 2001 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . Dextran on the other manus, in add-on to the advantage mentioned above besides provides lyoprotection and offers bracing consequence upon long term storage. Effect was observed in cut downing loss of coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase activity during freeze-drying and decreased protein collection of interleukin-2 during storage at 5 ?C. However, its inclusion may besides do opposing effects. For case, inclusion of dextran 40 into preparation incorporating sucrose additions collection inclination of lyophilized interleukin-6 when stored at 40 ?C for nine months ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Finally, the pick of bulking agents was governed by principle for usage. For case, it is to be used as a matrix organizing agent or as a stabilizer. A suited pick consequences in optimum merchandise quality with enhanced stableness. Instability jobs during storage/shelf life. Although freeze-drying with the presence of excipients stabilises the protein preparation, long term storage may still give rise to chemical debasement. Formation or exchange of disulfide bonds is the major debasement pathway taking to protein collection as shown in insulin, b-galactoside and bovid serum albumen ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) .Cysteinyl residues in protein are one of the illustrations which were capable of undergoing such reactions. It can be in the signifier of free sulphydryl group or disulphide bonds ; where on long term storage free sulphydryl group undergoes reaction to organize disulphide bonds ( Passot S, 2005 ) Usually oxidization of these reactive side ironss was introduced to change over them into less active disulfide signifiers. Intermolecular disulphide exchange on the other manus was catalyzed by free thiol group formed by b-elimination of an bing disulfide bonds. They contribute to disulphide interchange taking to intermolecular cross links ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Deamination besides occurs where hydrolysis of the protein side concatenation outputs a carboxylic group. Both asparagine and glutamine residue groups are susceptible towards this reaction. The rate finding measure involves intramolecular nucleophilic onslaught to organize a reactive cyclic anhydride intermediate or a cyclic imide intermediate ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Explicating at a pH below impersonal pH decreases the advancement of this reaction ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . Example of protein deaminization includes insulin deaminization via a cyclic anhydride intermediate during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Maillard reaction, besides known as browning reaction consequences from interactions between reduced sugars with basic protein residues such as lysine, arginine, asparagines and glutamine to organize saccharide adducts ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Reduced sugars have different responsivenesss depending on the species involved. However although saccharose is a non-reducing sugar, it can easy be reduced to organize two cut downing sugars particularly at low pH values. Hence sucrose preparations are besides susceptible towards browning. This reaction had been observed in human relaxin and interleukin-6 during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . PH accommodations, antioxidant use and low temperature were normally adopted to command rate of Maillard reaction ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Oxidation is besides one of the debasement pathways. It involves methionyl residue which contains a sulfur mediety in a thio-ether linkage capable of organizing sulphoxide upon oxidization. Other side ironss like cystine, histidine, and tryptophan were besides possible campaigners. However, reaction relies on local environmental status. In order to change over the O molecule into reactant species like superoxide groups or hydroxyl groups, external assistance is necessary. This may come in the signifier of visible radiation, presence of cut downing agent or transitional metal ions ( Li SH, 1996a ) . Oxidation can be minimised by add-on of sugars ( ethylene ethanediol, glycerin, glucose ) which forms H bonds to the surface of the protein and preserves its native verification ( Li SH, 1996b ) . The reaction had been observed in lyophilized interleukin-2 ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Last, storage temperature besides contributes towards protein stableness. With increasing temperature, there was an increased loss of protein activity. In add-on, it was found to advance protein collection, chemical debasement and facilitate recrystallisation of lyophilized protein. Protein collection was ascribed by an addition mobility of molecules at high temperature. Temperature induced debasement had been observed in interleukin-1 receptor adversary and tumour mortification factor. However, fickle temperatures had more damaging effects than a individual high storage temperature. Hence, storage temperature should be of a changeless low value to understate temperature induced merchandise debasement ( Wang W, 2000 ) . In decision, lyophilised merchandises are really sensitive to debasement. Hence, to bring forth a merchandise of acceptable quality with maintained efficaciousness prior to utilize, we need to ever take notes in ways to understate protein debasement. The aim for this experiment was to look into factors that would impact the stableness of lyophilized protein. Mentions: 1. Arakawa T, Prestrelski S.J, Kenney W.C, Carpenter J.F. Factors impacting short-run and long-run stablenesss of proteins. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Mar. 2001 ; 46 ( 1-3 ) : 307-326 2. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line monitoring of the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying procedure in vial by agencies of a Kalman filter based observer. Chemical technology research and design. 2009a ; 87:1409-1419 3. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line control of the freeze-drying procedure. A soft PAT attack utilizing package detectors. International diary of infrigidation. 2009b ; 32:1003-1014. 4. Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, Bognerhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? R.H, Pikal M.Jhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? . Protein Stability During Freezing: Separation of Stresses and Mechanisms of Protein Stabilization. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2007 ; 12 ( 5 ) : 505-523 5. Carpenter J.F, Pikal M.J, Chang B.S, Randolph T.W. Rational Design of Stable Lyophilized Protein Formulations: Some Practical Advice. Pharmaceutical Research. Aug. 1997 ; 14 ( 8 ) : 969 975 6. Chang LQ, Pikal M.J. Mechanisms of protein stabilisation in the solid province. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009 ; 98 ( 9 ) : 2886-2908. 7. Costantino HR, Langer R, Klibanov AM. Moisture-induced collection of lyophilised insulin. Pharm Research. 1994 ; 11 ( 1 ) :21-29. 8. Franks F, Auffret T. Freeze-drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals. Principles and Practice. Cambridge. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2007. p.4, 10, 134-140, 173 9. Heller, M.C. , Carpenter, J.F. , Randolph, T.W. Protein preparation and freeze-drying rhythm design: bar of harm due to freeze-concentration induced stage separation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999 ; 63: 166-174. 10. Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R. Glass passage temperature of protein polysaccharide co-dried mixtures as affected by the extent and morphology of stage separation. Thermochimica Acta. Apr. 2009 ; 487 ( 1-2 ) : 65-73 11. Liao YH, Brown MB, Quader A, Martin GP. Protective Mechanism of Stabilizing Excipients against Dehydration in the Freeze Drying of Proteins. Pharmaceutical Research. Dec. 2002 ; 19 ( 12 ) : 1854 1861. 12. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Overcashier D, Hsu C, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Effectss of cut downing sugars on the chemical stableness of human relaxin in the lyophilised province. J Pharm Sci. 1996a ; 85 ( 8 ) :873-877. 13. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Inhibitory consequence of sugars and polyols on the metal-catalyzed oxidization of human relaxin. J Pharm Sci 1996b ; 85 ( 8 ) :868-872. 14. Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M. Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals. Drug Discov Today: Technol 2008 ; e1 e7 15. McNally E.J, Hastedt E.J, Swarbrick J. Protein Formulation and Delivery. 2nd edition. NY. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2007. p. 177 212 16. Passot S, Fonseca F, Alarcon-Lorca M, Rolland D, Marin M. Physical word picture of preparations for the development of two stable lyophilized proteins during both dried and liquid storage. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. Aug. 2005 ; 60 ( 3 ) : 335-348 17. Parkins D.A, Lashmar U.T. The preparation of biopharmaceutical merchandises Pharmaceutical Science A ; Technology Today. Apr. 2000 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 129-137 18. Pikal-Cleland K.A, Nair Rodriguez-Hornedo, Amidon G. L, Carpenter J.F. Protein Denaturation during Freezing and Thawing in Phosphate Buffer Systems: Monomeric and Tetrameric ?-Galactosidase. Archivess of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Dec 2000 ; 384 ( 2 ) : 398-406 19. Privalov PL. Cold Denaturation of Proteins. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1990 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 281-306. 20. Randolph TW. Phase Separation of Excipients during Lyophilization: Effectss on Protein Stability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Jul. 1997 ; 86 ( 11 ) : 1198-1203 21. Tang XL, Pikal M.J. Measurement of the Kinetics of Protein Unfolding in Viscous Systems and Implications for Protein Stability in Freeze-Drying. Pharmaceutical Research. Jul. 2005 ; 22 ( 7 ) : 1176-1185. 22. Timasheff, S.N. The control of protein stableness and association by weak interactions with H2O: how do dissolvers impact these procedures? Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. Jun 1993 ; 22: 67-97. 23. Wang W. Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 ; 203: 1-60 24. Zapata M.I. , Feldkamp J.R. , Peck G.E. , White J.L. , Hem S.L. , Mechanism of freeze-thaw instability of aluminium hydroxycarbonate and Mg hydrated oxide gels. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984 ; 73: 3-8.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Security Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Design - Research Paper Example that critically need fool proof security solutions include battlefield defences systems, money transaction system, international telephone system, etc. With the lapse of time, system complexities in such environments are rapidly increasing and traditional security paradigms are becoming insufficient. The authors remark that although the â€Å"common V model† (108) framework of determining a system’s lifecycle can still be used as a general starting point, systems thinking must be inducted widely. In order to develop and implement systems thinking to the sphere of complex systems, the systems designer must have a thorough understanding of his/her operational environment. Understanding the subsystem components, hierarchy situation, functional constraints, etc. are also equally important. To achieve this, Alston and Campbell also suggested that the systems designer should develop a range of potential solutions (110). This action can be achieved when divergent thinking and convergent thinking are coalesced with the help of spray diagrams, multiple cause diagrams, etc. Next, systems level designs and techniques must be produced. After that, the implementation scheme must be verified with the help of the techniques like software and hardware testing, validation, etc. Finally, the designing team must adhere to the most flexible â€Å"Systems Engineering policies, processes and tool sets† (Alston and Campbell, 112) that can be used and modified during security emergencies. Alston, Ian and Simon Campbell. â€Å"A systems engineering approach for security system design.† Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies. New York: IEEE, 2010. 107-112.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy Essay

Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy - Essay Example Hamilton’s and Jefferson's political philosophy There were two camps who came head to head over advocating different ideologies; on one side there was Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of treasury under Washington who advocated a strong centralized government, while on the other hand there was Thomas Jefferson, the secretary of state under Washington and the third President of the U.S. who was against a centralized government and favored a republican government that would have more to do with foreign affairs and less with the laws that have been imposed in any state of the country. Jefferson opposed a centralized form of government feeling that it would threaten the notions of freedom laid down by the Constitution. Jefferson did everything that was in his power to make sure that America did not become the â€Å"new† England under King George III, which would be disastrous to the cause of the revolution on which basis the American nation had been founded. Alexander Hamilton had a different point of view. Alexander Hamilton could be considered an elitist who advocated that rich and well-born are the chosen ones to rule the country (Nagel 76). Alexander Hamilton believed that a country like America would not survive if it gives too much freedom to its states as doing that would mean fueling their desire of their own independence. Hamilton was like a deputy to George Washington and was quite effective in formulating the policy of incorporation of centralized government in the United States.... According to Hamilton, I believe the British government forms the best model the world has ever produced...This government has for its object public strength and individual security. (Pollard 69) He viewed the British form of government in the exact opposite context as was seen by Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton was accepting the good points of a centralized government point of view in the British form of government against the bad points of freedom laid down by the same government. The section of the U.S. politics from which Hamilton originated was very concerned with the survival of the 13 states that made up the United States of America back in that time, regardless of what the role of government was defined. However, he was quite sure that the vision put forward by Thomas Jefferson, a republican form of government, was in no way practical for the survival of states. Jefferson interpreted the constitution as sacred text that defines the rights of the government. According to Jefferson the government shall be defined in the following way: "Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security." (Baghatur 239) He wanted to prove Hamilton wrong who proclaimed that a government with limited powers will not be able to guarantee the survival of

Monday, November 18, 2019

Financial Performance Analysis of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group Essay

Financial Performance Analysis of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group - Essay Example It is of great significance that the ratios must be benchmarked against a standard in order for them to possess a meaning. Keeping that into account, the comparison is usually conducted between companies portraying same business and financial risks, between industries and between different time periods of the same company. The company under consideration is Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group and in this report analysis of the financial performance of the company over two years has been conducted in order to draw attention to various financial trends and significant changes over the period. The analysis is divided into three main categorize namely Profitability, Liquidity and Gearing. Profitability ratios identify how efficiently and effectively a company is utilizing its resources and how successful it has been in generating a desired rate of return for its shareholders and investors. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the company to quickly convert its asset into liquid cash to settle its short term liabilities. Whereas, the Gearing ratios identifies the extent to which the company is financed through debt and to what degree the operations are being conducted from the finance raised through raising equity capital or otherwise. Profitability Ratios    2010 2009    Profitability Ratios Gross profit margin 67.85% 67.48% Net profit margin 14.14% 9.90% ROCE 15.54% 10.56% Gross profit margin is an analyzing tool which assists in identifying how effectively and efficiently the company is utilizing its raw materials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The ratio is calculated by dividing the sales revenue by the gross profit for the year. If we analyze the gross profit margin of financial year 2010 we can only see a marginal increase in the ratio as compared to the financial year 2009. During 2010 the revenue of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc has increased by 8.428% but connectively has also increased by 7.174% thus resulting in only marginal increase in the gross profit margin. Maintenance of gross profit ratio is quite commendable as the companies usually are not able to maintain such ratio due to price fluctuation in the raw materials and other factors related to production cost. Increase in revenue can be described due to several factors such as increase in per unit sales price, increase in customer base and increase in overall sales volume due to higher demand in the market. Net profit margin, on the other hand analyzes the profitability of the company before deducting the taxation and finance charges from the earnings [2]. The ratio is calculated by dividing the profit before interest and tax with the sales revenue of the current financial period. The ratio highlights how well the company is managing its selling and administrative expenses it also highlights the other income generated by the company during the course of its operations. The net profit margin of the company has shown considerable improvement as it has increased by 4.24% during the current financial year. The distribution and other administrative ex

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Short Message Service

Short Message Service Short Message Service (SMS) Short message service (SMS) is a mechanism of sending and receiving short messages between the subscribers. The messages can be sent from GSM mobiles and also from devices like internet. It is a mature technology supported by most of the mobile sets and over GSM networks. SMS is carried out in the scope of 3G. SMS does not involve message transfer directly from sender to receiver. It is a store-and-forward service i.e. the message from sender is stored in an SMSC from where it is forwarded to the recipient. This method is advantageous because the recipient mobile needs not to be active or in range of the sender mobile. If in ay case the recipient mobile does not respond the message is store in SMSC and can be send later. After the message is successfully transferred a delivery report is also send to the sender to ensure the successful communication to the desired recipient. In order to avoid overloading in the system the standard defined for maximum numbers of characters in an SMS are 160 characters for Latin alphabets and 70 characters for non-Latin alphabets like Arabic or Chinese. 5.1History of SMS In late 1980s, the telecommunication experts felt the need of sending short messages along with the service of making calls. The result of this discussion was that the first ever Short Message was successfully send on December 3, 1992, in United Kingdom over a Vodafone GSM network. The first message stated as â€Å"Merry Christmas†. It was due to this success that later Short Message Service started in UK and Norway. Initially the messaging growth is very slow around 0.4 messages per month but according to an estimate in 2003 its growth has increased to 168 billon messages over the world. The early adopters of SMS were teenagers followed by adults, business people and are now used by all sections of the society. The huge amount of SMS sends or receives now days provoked a new form of SMS communication which gave rise to abbreviations and acronyms. This form of communication save time and is understood by most of the people. Started from the objective of sending or receiving messages SMS is now used for many other purposes. Form bidding amount to TV show voting, cooking recipes to cricket match score, weather news to horoscope everything can be viewed on the mobile screen in the form of an SMS. A service started from 0.4 messages per month is now a billion dollar industry. During the last 16 years the average of sending SMS has gone very far. And it will surely increase in the years to follow. 5.2SMS Architecture The basic of launching SMS service was to exchange limited amount of information between the mobile users. This limited form of Text service is now the backbone for many complex services like downloading, tracker system and many more. The basic functionality of the components supporting SMS in GSM architecture are as follows. 5.2.1SME (Short Message Entity) Short Message Entities are the elements that can send or receive short messages. The SME that generates a short message is called originator SME and which receives messages is called recipient SME. MS BTS PSTN Internet Email gateway BTS TE BTS BSC ME HLR MSC SMSC SIM Figure 5-1: SMS Enabled GSM Architecture 5.2.2 SMSC (Short Message Service Center) The main function of SMSC (Short Message Service Center) is to relay short messages between SMEs and secondly to store and forward the messages if the recipient mobile is not active. 5.2.3MSC (Mobile Switching Center) MSC deals with the switching between mobile stations or between mobile stations and fixed networks. 5.2.4GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) The email gateway provides an email to SMS interoperability. This can be done by interconnecting the SMSC with the internet. Email gateway allows to send messages from a SME to an internet host and the reverse is also true. 5.2.5 HLR (Home Location Register) HLR is the database of the GSM network containing information about the subscriber. HLR maintains the mapping between the IMSI and MSISDN. 5.2.6VLR (Visitor Location Register) VLR is the database which contains information about the users who are attached to the mobile network. It is used to indicate the users geographical location. VLR is integrated with MSC through which it communicates with the other networks like PSTN (Packet Switched Packet Data Network), ISDN, SCPDN and PSPDN. 5.3Pros and Cons of SMS The incontestable advantage of SMS is that it is the essential part of in all GSM networks. This service is supported by 100% of the GSM handsets. A message send from any GSM network can be delivered to any other subscriber attached to the same or different network. It also permit to send one message to multiple senders. It is less costly as compared to the billing system of the local and international calls. The main drawback of SMS is its limited capacity. It limited is restricted to 160 characters. For sending long messages concatenation has to be done. The other drawback is that only text can be included in the messages. It does not support sending complex services like image, audio video. Furthermore due to high traffic sometimes, the message delivery is not guaranteed.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Themes Presented In Far From The Madding Crowd Essay -- English Litera

Themes Presented In Far From The Madding Crowd Thomas Hardy was born on 2nd June 1840 in Higher Bockampton, Dorset. His father was a builder and mason and his mother a former servant was a well read intelligent woman with a strong personality. Hardy was impressionable from a young age and as a country boy was surrounded by the traditional aspects of rural life with it's superstitions, folk lore, culture and past times. In 1856 Hardy worked with an architect and continued his studies under the guidance of a parish rector. This friendship has been thought to affect to the tone of "Far From The Madding Crowd". The book was published in 1874 and is one of his most well-known novels. His unique style is never more apparent in this novel with the focus on relationships in a rural community. In this essay I will be discussing the power of love as it is portrayed in "Far From The Madding Crowd". I will be discussing different aspects of love and themes which affect the key theme love in the novel. These themes include character and developement, atmosphere, language and authorial intrusions. From the start of the novel it is noted that Bathsheba is a very vain and unconventional character. Right from the start while on horseback she proved this. "A small swing looking glass was disclosed, in which she proceeded to survey herself attentively. She parted her lips and smiled". It is questioned that Bathsheba's vanity is uncurable and at the end of it all, is it still uncured? She stands out from the world around her because it is ruled by men but she is in charge of the community around her. Bathsheba's love life follows a circular pattern and by the endd she loses strength and stamina and eventually ends up mar... ... of love and the main characters lives revolve around it. Hardy uses many different devices to show the power of love which I have used to show the power of love. Hardy uses peoples characters through the novel to show their feelings and reactions brought on by love. He uses atmosphere throughout the novel to potray the mood and set the scene to help show love in it's different aspects. Hardy uses language also throughout the novel to reflect both the times and the feelings of characters. Hardy also uses authorial intrusions to give opinions of characters through the story. All these topics help show the importance and power of love in "Far From The Madding Crowd". The story takes place in rural part of England at the end of 19th century. Beautiful country and good description of many people peacefully living there are great background for a love story.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Change Agent Skills Essay

In order to be a successful sustainability change agent, an individual must have the following: 1. 2. 3. Knowledge of the environmental, economic, and social issues related to sustainability (understanding)Í ¾ A value system and self-concept to support and under gird the actions of a change agent (motivation)Í ¾ and Change agent abilities (skills). Change Agent Abilities: The following is a listing of change agent abilities compiled from numerous sources. For ease of use, these sources have all been acknowledged at the end of this document. Change agents are:  · Resilient  · Optimistic  · Tenacious  · Committed  · Passionate  · Patient  · Emotionally intelligent  · Assertive  · Persuasive  · Empathetic  · Authentic  · Ethical  · Self-Aware  · Competent  · Curious They can: Communicate ideas clearly, concisely, and precisely both orally and in writing Listen to others and incorporate their ideas and perspectives Accommodate individual differences (cultural, socioeconomic, global, etc.) in your decisions and actions and be able to negotiate across these differences. Engage in self-assessment, self-reflection, and analysis Reflect on what is happening to make meaning, gain perspective and understanding Engage in civil discourse and debate Mediate and resolve conflicts Analyze power, structures of inequality, and social systems that govern individual and communal life Recognize the global implications of their actions Span boundaries Challenge the status quo effectively when appropriate Creatively and collaboratively solve problems using critical thinking skillsÍ ¾ search for â€Å"families† of solutions for complex multi-faceted issues Collaborate, network, develop alliances and coalitions, build teams Involve others, inspire and excite participants, engender support and commitment See the big picture and the larger goal and understand the need for systemic change Adjust to the diverse and changing needs of both individuals and society as a whole Set realistic and clearly defined goals and objectives Be both a leader and a follower, as necessary Analyze and influence group dynamics Make ethical decisions which incorporate responsibility to self, community, and society Help envision, articulate and create positive scenarios for the future of society See the paths, small steps, for changes needed for a more sustainable future, convert it into a tasklist and timeline, and follow through effectively Tolerate ambiguity and cope effectively with change  © ACPA – College Student Educators International (http://www.myacpa.org/) in collaboration with the U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development (www.uspartnership.org ). May be reproduced for educational purposes with credit given. They have:  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · Insights into the functioning and interconnectedness of systems A commitment to finding solutions to societal problems Political efficacy, a belief that what they think and do civically and politically matters Integrity Courage An understanding of â€Å"organic† change Useful Theoretical Models: â€Å"A Social Change Model of Leadership Development† (1996) â€Å"Systemic Leadership† (Allen & Cherrey, 2000) â€Å"Reframing Organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bolman & Deal, 2003) â€Å"Relational Leadership† (Komives, S. R., Lucas, N., & McMahon, T. R., 1998) â€Å"Social Entrepreneurship† â€Å"Servant Leadership† Resources and References: A social change model of leadership development: Guidebook (Version III). (1996). Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles Higher Education Research Institute. Allen, K. E., & Cherrey, C. (2000). Systemic leadership: Enriching the meaning of our work. Washinton, DC: University Press of America. Astin, A. W., & Astin, H. S. (2000). Leadership reconsidered: Engaging higher education in social change. Battle Creek, MI: W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2003). Reframing Organizations: Artistry Choice and Leadership (third ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Colby, A., Ehrlich, T., Beaumont, E., & Stephens, J. (2004). The role of higher education in preparing undergraduates for lives of civic responsibility. In K. Ferraiolo (Ed.), New Direction in civic engagement: University avenue meets main street (pp. 51-58). Charlottesville, VA: Pew Partnership for Civic Change. Drayton, B. (2005). Everyone a changemaker. Peer Review, 7(3), 8-11. Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder. Hines, S. M. (2005). The practical side of liberal education: An overview of liberal education and entrepreneurship. Peer Review, 7(3), 4-7. Komives, S. R., Lucas, N., & McMahon, T. R. (1998). Exploring leadership: For college students who want to make a difference (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Loeb, P. R. (1999). Soul of a citizen: Living with conviction in a cynical time. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Loeb, P. R. (Ed.). (2004). The impossible will take a little while: A citizen’s guide to hope in a time of fear. New York: Basic Books. Lorde, A. (1984). Learning from the 60s. In Sister outsider: Essays and speeches (pp. 134-144). Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press. Musil, C. M. (2006). Assessing global learning: matching good intentions with good practice. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities. Recklies, D. What Makes a Good Change Agent? Retrieved December 19, 2006, from http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/change_agent.htm Rowe, D. (2002). Environmental Literacy and sustainability as core requirements: Success stories and models. In W. L. Filho (Ed.), Teaching Sustainability at Universities. New York: Peter Lang Scientific Publishers. Rowe, D., Bartleman, D., Khirallah, M., Smydra, M., Keith, G., & Ponder, M. (1999). Reduce cynicism and apathy and create positive change agents: Essential and missing components of our educational curricula. Paper presented at the Chair Academy Conference Proceedings, Long Beach, CA. Stein, K. (2006). University of Delaware IFST Capstone Course Syllabus. Thomas, N. (2004). Educating for citizenship in a diverse and interdependent society. In K. Ferraiolo (Ed.), New direction in civic engagement: University avenue meets main street (pp. 43-50). Charlottesville, VA: Pew Partnership for Civic Change.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain

Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain Background Tear (2007) explain that the acid rain phenomenon conceptualization dates back to 130 years ago when the relationship existing between the industrial emissions released and acid rain formation. Formation of the acid precipitation has had adverse impacts on the human health as well as the ecosystem.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More dos Santos et al. (2005, p.86) explain that sources of acid rain focus on the chemical composition of main cations like Ca2+, Mg 2+, Na+, K+ and NH+4 as well as anions like SO2-4 , NO3, Cl and F obtained from rainwater. Meteorological information can supplement this. Downing et al. (1997, p.29) explains how a sub-module (ATMOS- Atmospheric Transport and Deposition) that integrates data from emission sources to generate patterns of sulfur deposition, which is an agent of acid rain. Statement of Purpose Acid ra in forms after complex chemical interaction involving the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen with the water vapor in the atmosphere. Acid rain formation has acidity far much higher than normal. Actually, acid rain contains sulfuric acid and nitric acid formed from the emission precursors- sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOX species) (Downing et al. 1997, p.13). Interestingly, the emission sources of the pollutants may be located a distance away from the point where the chemical interaction leading to acid rain takes place. The point of the emission is called the source area. Areas away from the source area are affected by the emission release through acid deposition are called the down-wind. It is believed that the industrial evolution coupled with urbanization have aggravated the problem of acid rain and a rise of acidity levels in the atmosphere, notably in North America and Europe as well as south of the Bay of Bengal. However, volcanic activities have also naturally released sulf ur oxides and sulfides in the air. This form of precipitation chemistry intends to inform on the variation in the chemical composition in the atmosphere over-time and provides insights into how acid rain forms from key gases from factory emissions. Inferences from analysis derived from rainwater composition are important for comparison with The RAINS−ASIA Model as well as establishing world cycling of sulfur compounds, oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds, soil dust and so on (Downing et al. 1997). Through oxidation, emission pollutants from human activities (such as sulfates, NOX) have a wide range of effects.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Report Preview The scope of the report covers factors facilitating the acid rain formation, chemical analysis, lead regional producers of acid rain as well as factory release, transportation and deposition of pollu tants leading to acid rain. Information sources are empirical studies. Factors Contributing to Acid Rain Formation Andonova (1995) observe that in the 1970s decade Sweden and Norway were on the down-wind areas from the rest of Europe thus suffered a lot of acidification problems. The acidification problem revolved around the intensity of sulfur emissions. This called for the ratification of the First Sulfur Protocol (1985) that called for 30 percent emission cuts. The acidity leading to acid rain depends on the relative proportions of participating cations and anions in the atmosphere. Aerosols have contributed to the stronger buttering ability of acidic rain water. Through translocation from emission points, deposition and facilitating reaction rates weather contribute to acid rain formation. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework SO2 and Nitrogen Oxides Processes and Evidence Leading to Acid Rain Chemical Processes on SO2 and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Leading to Acid Rain Sulfur Dioxide Pollutant During the chemical interaction, the sulfur dioxide oxidation process has two possible reaction paths. One, ultra-violet light can facilitate photo oxidation of the sulfur oxide (Seinfeld Pandis, 2006, p.27). The electro-magnetic spectrum provides the light in the photo-oxidation process to occur. SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further interaction with freely occurring hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere leads to the formation of sulfuric acid. SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq) Modified from Seinfeld Pandis (2006, p.27 28) Similarly sulfur dioxide can be oxidized to become sulfuric acid through the oxidation of ozone (Seinfeld Pandis, 2006, p.27). Photodecomposition process on the ozone produces hydroxyl radical, which reacts highly with any species. NOX pollutants The NOX (that is, NO2 and NO) species are emitted by during factory combustion processes involving fossil fuel and coal. NO is the initial release into the atmosphere of all reactive nitrogen (Crawford et al. 2003, p.62). In the presence of O2 Nitrogen present in fuels and oxidation of atmospheric N2 at high temperature forms NO. Small amounts of NO2 are formed in the process of NO formation. The atmospheric oxidation of NO (by hydroperoxy radicals that is, HO2) leads to NO2 formation in high quantities (Crawford et al. 2003, p.62-63). When emitted into the atmosphere, the NO and NO2 undergo simple photochemical reaction to HNO3 (acid rain) (Crawford et al. 2003, p.63). This can be explained as follows: NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + NO3 + NO2Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NO (g) + NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + 2NO2 3NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + 2NO3 + NO (g) Modified from Crawford et al. (2003, p.62) Evidence of Factory Emissions Leading To Acid Rain Driscoll et al. (2007, p.27) explains that electrical processing dealers found within the western hemisphere cause the highest emissions of the anthropogenic sulfur dioxide. In the USA, sulfur dioxide release to the atmosphere that is not accounted for by the electric manufacturing is as low as 10 percent. Driscoll et al. (2007, p.27) adds electric utilities and industrial combustions accounted for 36 percent of nitrogen oxides. In the USA, the Mid West consisting of seven states along River Ohio accounted for more than half of emissions in 2002. Such areas are known as source areas. Emission of sulfur dioxide, ammonium and nitrogen oxide was attributed to electric utilities though emissions are carried downwind eastern North America. The US Department of Agriculture Forest Service established an ex perimental forest that is The Hubbard Brook in the North America to investigate the relationship between emission levels and acid deposition levels from the source area (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.33). Findings from the experiment indicated that emission trends from the source area mirrored the acid deposition patterns. Data gathered over a long period of time at the Hubbard Brook implied a declining bulk of deposition of sulfate and wet deposition in the last five years of the 1970s decade (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.33). This data indicates a positive association between emission of SO2 and acid rain formation taking place at the Hubbard Brook. The downwind areas of eastern USA report similar patterns of correlation of sulfur emissions and the wet sulfate deposition (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.34). Observations made on nitrates and ammonium, levels of concentration had leveled up. Reliable sources of data came from Hubbard Brook. With regard to concentrations of nitrate or ammonium at Hubb ard Brook, the levels have stabilized over time since 1963 (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.34). Correlation relationship was established between the downwind and source area for acid rain. Figure 2: Formation of Acid rain from Factory Emissions Source: Downing et al. (1997, p.14) Figure 3: Present and Projected of Industrial Emissions for Sulfur Dioxide Source: Downing et al. (1997, p.17) Conclusion The problem of acid rain was noted almost 130 years ago. SO2, NOX and ammonia are the main pollutants leading to the formation of acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is emitted from combustion of coal containing sulfur. Ultraviolet light and electro-magnetic spectrum provide photo oxidation energy in the atmosphere. The resultant undergoes further chemical reaction with free hydrogen results in sulfuric acid the falls as acid rain. Nitrogen contained in biofuels as well as atmospheric nitrogen undergo high temperature combustion that releases NO and NO2. On release to the atmosphere simple photo chemic al reaction with hydroperoxy radicals results in the formation of nitric acid that falls as acid rain. In the USA, the main sources of emissions are electric utilities. The case relation between emissions in the Midwest USA source area and the acid deposition areas of the Hubbard Brook and the downwind areas of Eastern North America explain how factory emissions lead to acid rain. References Andonova, L 2007, â€Å"Acid Rain in a Wider Europe: The Post-Communist Transition and the Future European Acid Rain Policies†, in G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 151-173. Crawford, J, Bradshaw, J, Davis, D, Liu, S. 2003, â€Å"Nitrogen Oxides and Other Reactive Nitrogen Species†, In T Potter B Colman (eds), Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey, pp.61-77. dos Santos, M, Illanes, C, Fornaro, A Pedrotti, J 2007, â €˜Acid Rain in Downtown So Paulo City, Brazil’, Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 7, pp. 85-92, via Springer. Downing, R, Ramankutty, R, Shah, J. 1997. RAINS-ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Deposition in Asia. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Driscoll, C, Lambert, K Chen, L 2007. â€Å"Acidic Deposition: Sources and Ecological Effects†, in G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 27-58. Seinfeld, H Pandis, S 2006, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Tear, T 2007, â€Å"Atmospheric Deposition and Conservation: What is the Role for Conservation Organizations?†, In G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 291-307.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

TANG Dynasty

TANG Dynasty Free Online Research Papers How should one interpret one of China’s most memorable dynasties? The Tang dynasty is one of China’s most remarkable and glistening historic periods known today. The Tang dynasty established a strong centralized state system, starting in 618 after the fall of the Sui dynasty in the early seventeenth century. Although the early Tang monarchs were good rulers over all, one emperor in particular parts from the group. â€Å"Li Shih-min† who would assume the title of T’ai-tsung. T’ai-tsung was the son of the first emperor in the Tang dynasty Gaozu. He was a bold, energetic, and powerful emperor that was determined to solve the international problems that had destroyed past weaker dynasties. T’ai-tsung was responsible for the recreation of Chinese government. (â€Å"quote source†) According to â€Å"source 1† at the top of the hierarchy was the emperor; below him were three administrations; council of the state, military affairs, and the censorate. The most important out of the three was the council of the state, which drafted policy, reviewed policy, and implemented policy. The military affairs directed the military under the control of the emperor. The censorate watched over the government and the government officials to prevent misgoverning and corruption. The new government policies set into place that T’ai-tsung had ingeniously derived led to the central state system working. The geographical area of the Tang Empire stretched across a vast part of China. Chang’an was the western capitol of the Tang dynasty, and became a centralized meeting place for traders, merchants, artist, and religious leaders. Chang’an became one of the richest and most powerful cities in the world at that time. The Tang dynasty flourished in part due to the new economic and trading ties with different regions. Trade was possible because the government maintained good foreign trade relation. The Tang Empire traded with India, Middle East, and Central Asia. Silk road connected Chang’an to Greece, Rome, and parts of Europe. This highway brought new products of trade to the countries which included silk, tea, herbs, spices and hand crafted items. The Tang dynasty is responsible for many great things, the dynasty had several world changing inventions, famous literature, and changing religious movements that would spark a revolution that would forever change the way Chinese people interacted and lived within society. One reason that the Tang Dynasty is known for being one of the best empires in Chinese history is because of the brilliant and world changing inventions that some of the greater minds in that era created, forever changing the way people lived. Inventions are essential for ever changing technologic advances towards a greater way of life and the Chinese understood this concept with the invention of making paper, gunpowder, printing technique and compass. All of which were not completely new concepts but the Tang Dynasty found ways to improve some of the already thought of inventions. The invention of paper making greatly contributed to the spread and development of civilization. Prior to the invention of paper making; bones, tortoise shells, and bamboo slips were all used as writing surfaces. As Chinese civilization developed the usage of their materials proved to be unsuitable, because they were extremely too heavy and took up a lot of space. The next material used in trying to make p aper was the combination of hemp fiber and silk, but the quality of the material was found to be unsatisfactory. The use of that material also had far better uses . According to (â€Å"quote† ) Xue fu wu che which is a Chinese idiom describing a learned man. The story behind paper making is that a scholar by the name of Hui Shi who lived during the Tang dynasty. He needed five charts to carry around his books while teaching. At the time books were made of wood and bamboo slips, so one could imagine how heavy and inconvenient they would be to carry from place to place. Not to mention how much space the books would take up. If a person had ten or more books that person might need a cart with wheels just to carry them around. Reading books at the time, a person would not only need to have brain power, but would also have to be in good physical condition. According to Chinese history experts â€Å"In 105 A.D. Cai Lun, a eunuch during the Tang dynasty, invented paper from worn f ishnet, bark, and cloth.† The fact that these raw materials were available at such a low cost and easily able to obtain the process of making paper in large quantities just made sense! The technique of paper making was eventually exported to Korea in 384 A.D. Japan acquired the skill of making paper when a Korean monk traveled there taking the information and process with him. Paper making traveled to the Arab empire during a war between the Arabs and the Tang dynasty, when some of the soldiers of the Tang army, and paper making workers were captured during the war. Soon after, a paper factory was established in the Arab nation. In the eleventh century the skill of making paper was carried to India when Chinese monks traveled there in search for spiritual enlightenment. The skill then traveled the world from one continent to the next, eventually the skill was brought to America. The invention of paper is accredited to one of the greatest dynasties know in Chinese history, the Tang Dynasty. The Tang dynasty was also responsible for the invention of gunpowder. In Chinese, the word gunpowder is called, huo yao, which means flaming medicine. Unlike so many of the other Chinese inventions the making of gunpowder was pure accidental. Gunpowder is an invention that has had a profound effect on human society. Gunpowder was first discovered when alchemist was trying to make an elixir of immortality. According to legend â€Å"During the Tang dynasty, around 850 A.D., an enterprising alchemist (whose name has been lost to history) mixed 75 parts saltpeter with fifteen parts charcoal and ten parts sulfur. This mixture had no discernable life-lengthening properties, but it did explode to an open flame. According to a text from the era, â€Å"smoke and flames result, so that (the alchemist) hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down.† After the discovery of gunpowder the Chinese people found many useful purposes for this ne w and amazing invention. It is thought that the only use for gunpowder was for making fireworks, used by the Chinese during celebrations, such as, parades and ceremonial events for the emperor; but gunpowder was destined for greater usages. One usage of gunpowder was in weapons. The Chinese people used gunpowder devices against their enemies during the war against the Mongolians. These weapons were called, â€Å"Flying Fire† or (Feihuo). This weapon was an arrow with a little bomb at the end of it. The Chinese would fire the flying fire arrows at their enemy. The sight of the arrows propelling into the sky would terrify the enemy and their horses. The early warriors of the Mongolians must have thought this was some kind of awful witchcraft. Another astounding use of gunpowder that the Chinese came up with was the cannon. The first artillery devices of the cannon were made of hollow bamboo shoots. As time progressed, the hollow bamboo shoots would be made in to what we know today as cannons with cast iron. The Chinese government became very concerned about the advancement of technology of gunpowder spreading it’s way to other countries. In 1076 the sale of saltpeter to foreigners was banned. Although the Chinese government tried their best to keep this technology confined to its original location, it was the will of the world to expand this technology. With the ever-growing trade and commerce taking place in the capitol and along the silk road it was but a matter of time before China’s secret about gunpowder was out. Throughout the centuries Chinese inventions had a profound effect on human society, but none of them had the effect like gunpowder did. In today’s society we use the printer on an everyday basis, but do we know where this technique came from. Today we just use a click of a mouse on a computer that sends a signal from one device to another, the printer, and out comes words or pictures onto a sheet of paper. It has not always been this simple, technology has progressed through the years, making us take printing for granted. The invention of the printing technique originated in the great Tang dynasty of China. Around 600 A.D. the Chinese people invented block printing. Block printing was inspired by engraved name seals. This technique took a long period of time, and energy to prepare. The amount of materials that were used in this technique were overwhelming. Although block printing has its drawbacks the concept to transcribing words was revolutionary. Block printing was done by taking a piece of wood and carving letters of Chinese symbols into the wood, then the block would be dipped into ink then pressed onto the paper. A new block would have to be carved for each page in a book. Block printing was costly and time consuming. As printing became more popular a new method advanced and it was called movable type printing. Movable type printing was much easier and affordable. The fact that the idea of printing came from the Tang dynasty only adds to the evidence that it is one of the greatest eras in Chinese history. A fourth and important invention that came out of the tang dynasty was the ever important compass. Compasses are used all over world, by all different kinds of people for many purposes. Some of the reasons people use them range from helping ships navigate around the world to helping lost hikers in the woods find there way back to civilization. The invention of the compass transpired when one spring while mining ores and melting copper a group of Chinese people stumbled onto a natural magnetite that attracted iron and fixed its position towards the north. During the tang dynasty they improved the compass by devising a way to suspend magnetized iron in water. After doing so they enclosed the two items into an enclosure, providing the world with what we know today as the compass. Eventually this invention made its way to Europe where it was then used by the famous explorer Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus would later go on to discover the new world which is known today as the United States of America. Since ancient times, the Chinese believed in a type of folk religion that incorporated many types of beliefs. The Chinese believed that the afterlife was a reality parallel to the living world. The tang dynasty’s main religion was Buddhism. Daoism, and Confucianism were also religions followed by the people during the tang dynasty, but were not as influencing towards the government or impacting on society during that era of history. The practice of the religion Buddhism rose up through the fall of the han dynasty. The demise of the han dynasty brought chaos and disaster to the people of that region. During the tang dynasty people looked at this religion as a way of salvation, and solutions to their problems. The popularity of Buddhism made rulers curious about the religion. The tang dynasty had many different emperors, and each emperor treated the religion with different actions. Some emperors sent people to India to find out more information about it. Xuanzang a Buddhist monk went on a pilgrimage to India to find out more about this religion. This trip took sixteen years on is return to china he brought back with him books about Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life translating those books to the Chinese people, so they could gather a better understanding of how one should be a Buddhist. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang would later be honored by the emperor Gaozong for his services rendered. Also some emperors promoted the religion of Buddhism for personal gain. An example of personal gain through Buddhism is that of empress â€Å"Wu†. Buddhism gained great power during the time of empress â€Å"wu† who was the only woman ruler in the tang dynasty. She gained power when the third emperor died. Since the aristocracy before her control favored the Daoism and Confucianism religions’ over Buddhist, she encouraged the spread of Buddhism to weaken her opponents. The idea was that the more Buddhists there were, the less daoist there would be, and the weaker the aristocracy would be. The Buddhist revolution grew rapidly among the Chinese people during the tang dynasty. Buddhist monasteries played an important role in Chinese society during the tang dynasty, offering lodging for travelers in remote areas, and schools for children throughout the country. Buddhist monasteries were engaged in the economy, since their land, property, and serfs gave the government enough revenue to set up mills, oil presses, and other enterprises. The religion of Buddhism affected the tang dynasty because it influenced higher gover nmental officials, and in doing that it influenced the people and their actions. Daoism was another religion that was practiced during the tang dynasty. The primary beliefs of this religion is learning and practicing â€Å"the Way† which is the ultimate truth to the universe. Daoism has no single founder, such as Buddha with the religion of Buddhism, or Confucius with the religion of Confucianism. Daoism also does not have any key messages like the four noble truths of Buddhist or the five guidelines of Confucianism. Although Daoism was not the main religion of the tang dynasty it did play very important roles in history of the dynasty. Many daoist were associated with alchemy in their pursuits to find an elixir of immortality, and a means to create gold from mixtures of many different elements. Those daoist never did discover the way to make gold or an elixir of immortality, but did manage to discover new metal alloys and gun powder. Another religion that was associated with the tang dynasty was Confucianism, which had existed before Buddhism and Daoism. Confucianism enforced loyalty, order, respect, and was based compassion or kindness. Love for ones ancestors was necessary, and that old age associates with wisdom were ideas of this religion. Although Confucianism was a widely practiced belief system it lost much influence in the tang dynasty. The people during the tang dynasty believed in Buddhist concepts, and not the Confucian concepts. One concept that influenced the people into the ideas of Buddhism was karma. The people liked this idea because this was a time in Chinese history where many bad events were taking place and people were suffering. Confucianism says that suffering events were the events of fate and no one could control the outcome. Buddhist believed that suffering was due to a person’s behavior, and that if a person was good in their life they would be rewarded in the next life. Buddhists believed if a person was bad then he o r she would suffer in the next life. This concept is what sparked the transition from Confucianism to Buddhism during the tang dynasty. Buddhism also led to great literature during the tang dynasty. During the tang dynasty unforgettable literature was produced. Three of the more famous authors that came out of that time period were the writer and poet â€Å"Wang Wei†, â€Å"Li Bai†, and â€Å"Du Fu†. The writings of each person added greatness to that time period of the tang dynasty. â€Å"Wang Wei† was a gifted young person excelling in poetry, painting and music. When he was around the age of sixteen Wang Wei moved to the capitol city of the tang dynasty chang’an where he worked as a mid level government official, serving as assistant secretary of music. Wang Wei would later be transferred to another province due to a minor infraction. After that he would take up the role as a poet in exile living in an estate that he purchased on the Wang River after the death of his wife. This estate is where wang wei â€Å"began to cultivate in his poetry and painting the deep appreciation for and sensibility to landscape and nature for which he is celebr ated.† Wang Wei was a deeply religious person who practiced Buddhism. he lived his life in a simple way, not desiring the material things of the world. This statement is backed up by Pauline Yu by saying â€Å"His contemplative, dispassionate observations of the sensory world affirm its beauty at the same time as they call its ultimate reality into question, by emphasizing its vagueness, relativity, and ‘emptiness’.† Wang Wei was a person who transcribed great poetry during the tang dynasty. Another great poet of the tang dynasty that had a big influence on Chinese literature was â€Å"Li Bai† Research Papers on TANG DynastyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Canaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Monday, November 4, 2019

Deadlock Characteristics and Solutions Research Paper

Deadlock Characteristics and Solutions - Research Paper Example When a process cannot change its situation indefinitely due to another waiting process using the same resource, then this leads to a system being in deadlock (Kaveh and Wolfgang). Under normal circumstances, resource allocations in a system undertake the following steps. A process requests a resource and the process is suspended until the resource is available. The process then uses the resource once it has been allocated. Finally, the process releases the resource. A system might have two processes running process-A and process-B namely. The situation above illustrates that Process-A and Process-B are in a deadlock state. Deadlocks have the following assumptions. The process cannot be allocated a resource before it requests for it. Therefore, the order it follows is request then use it and release the resource. A process can also only request more resources than the number of resources available for use by the system. Multiprogramming systems have a resource table than manages resources by showing free and occupied resources being used by processes. It also keeps queues of the processes that are waiting for certain resources. The queues will indicate the time a resource will be released by a process thus making it available for use by other resources. Mutual exclusion occurs when one or at least one of the resource is not sharable. It means that only a few numbers of processes can use the resource at a time. A requesting process has to wait for a resource to be released if it requests the process when it is being used by another process. To illustrate mutual exclusion, Process-A can have an exclusive control of a resource that Process-B needs and vice versa. Process-A and Process-B will block indefinitely while waiting for one process or other processes to free the resource. Mutual exclusion is not restricted to objects in the computer

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Internet for Business module assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Internet for Business module assignment - Essay Example To add to their product offering, ASOS began to sell shoes, accessories, beauty products as well as jewellery in 2004. In the same year they were named as the second online clothing store by Hitwise magazine after Next ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). Steadily, the sales of ASOS grew. Their biggest sale was recorded from November to December of 2005. This resulted to an increase in the operating profit of the company. A seventy-one point seven percent increased was noted, which resulted to 1.1M operating profit in 2004-2005. In the table below, it is noticeable that the growth of ASOS came only in the years 2004-2005 when there group operating margin was recorded at eight point two and seven point nine respectively ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). However, it was the company's belief that the sales could have been higher if only some problems were quickly resolved. One of those problems was the warehousing problem. The number of orders that flooded ASOS during the holiday season of 2004 required them to ship around 2,000 to 3,000 orders per day ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). ... In addition, any of the items that ASOS were not offered during that season. After the rush of Christmas shopping subsided, many items were not sold and this resulted to a loss in full price sales opportunity. Since the items left in the warehouse ware already out of season, ASOS did not have any other choice but to offer them at discounted price early in 2005. This loss is noticeable in the table presented above. In 2004, the group-operating margin of ASOS was at eight point two percent, while its group-operating margin for the following year was only at seven point nine. ASOS Objectives Being both in the fashion and retail industry, ASOS needs to be able to meet the requirements of both industries in order to succeed. In relation to the fashion industry, ASOS must ensure that the items they are offering are in season. Being up to date, when it comes to the latest styles, is crucial for the case of ASOS. This is due to the fact that they are capitalizing on the trends that celebrities start (eMarketer, 2000). If ASOS is able to maintain this ability then the retail industry requirement can also be meet since trendy or in season clothes are more profitable than those that are not. This has been proven in the case stated earlier where ASOS had to sell out of season clothing at a discounted price. With this in mind, it is the objective of ASOS to offer and deliver the trendiest in season collection to their customers. Another objective of ASOS is to provide a pleasant online shopping experience to their customer. It is important to associate shopping with being online for ASOS' case. It is a fact that being physically involved in shopping brings about a different experience compared to