Occupational Therapy Reflection Example - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4248 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? It is only when practitioners understand themselves and the conditions of their practice that they can begin to realistically see how they might respond differently. (Johns 2009 P16) The concept of reflection in learning is not new. It can be traced back as far as Aristotles discussions of practical judgement and moral action in his Ethics (Grundy 1982 cited in Boud. D et al P11). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Occupational Therapy Reflection Example" essay for you Create order In 1933, Dewy stated that there were two kinds of experiential process leading to learning. The first process was trail and error which was limited by the specificity of the problem which was solved and the scope of the trial and error explorations and the second was that reflective activity involved the perception of relationships and connections between the parts of the experience.'(Boud. D et al 2005 P12). He explained reflection as a learning loop, continually feeding back and forth between the experience and the relationship being inferred. (Boud. D et al 2005). In 1980, reflective practice was introduced and seen as three core components: Things that happen to a person, the reflective process that learning has occurred and the action that was taken from this new perspective (Jasper 2003 p2) In more recent times, Kolb (1984) developed an experimental learning cycle which has been suggested to be the most effective way of learning from our experiences by linking theory t o practice (Jasper 2003): When looking at the reflective process, Schon (1983) identified two types of reflection: reflection on action and reflection in action. Reflection in action is reflecting while doing, which occurs subconsciously, intuitively and unconsciously (jasper 2003 p6). Reflecting on action involves thinking about action after it has occurred. (Jasper 2003 p6) Many people have defined reflection and In 2009, Johns defined reflection as Learning through our everyday experiences towards realising ones vision of desirable practice as a lived reality. It is a critical and reflexive process of self-inquiry and transformation of being and becoming the practitioner you desire to be. Furthermore, Boud. D et al (2005 p18) suggested that reflection is a form of response of the learner to experience. Where experience involves the response of a person to a situation or event e.g. feelings, thoughts, actions and concludes at the time or immediately thereafter. The sit uation or event could be a course or an unplanned occurrence in daily life. It could be provoked by something external or an internal experience, evolving from discomfort. (Boud. D et al 2005). There are many positive uses to reflecting on practice. Johns (2009 p15) suggests that the positive uses of reflection encourages the expression, acceptance and understanding of feelings. Negative feelings can be worked through and their energys converted into positive energy for taking future action based on understanding of the situation and appropriate ways of responding. Furthermore he proposes that reflection is empowering, enabling the practitioner to act on insights towards realising desirable practice. If practitioners truly wish to realise their caring ideals then they have no choice but to become political in working towards establishing the conditions of practice where that is possible. (Johns 2009 p17) Reflection can identify learning needs, and new learning opportunities. I t can find ways in which we learn best, differently and new courses of action toward an event. Reflection can help problem solve aiding personal and professional development and provides an escape from routine practice. Reflection allows us to be aware of the consequences of our actions, demonstrate our competences to others and achievements to ourselves. Reflection allows us to build theory from observations, help make decisions or resolve uncertainty and empower or liberate ourselves as individuals (Jasper 2009). However, reflective practice has been criticised for its lack of definition, modes of implementation and its unproven benefit (Mackintosh 1998 cited in Johns 2009 p22). Platzer et al (2000, cited in Johns 2009 p22) noted that students may be resistant to reflection revealing self, a point highlighted by Cotton (2001 cited in Johns 2009 p22) that reflection becomes a type of surveillance, assessment and control. Reflection can be used in order to aid Occupational The rapy (O.T) principles and values, continuous professional development, ethical , legal and professional views/codes of conducts/standards of pracrtice. Maintaining professionalism has been suggested as a core process competent, essential to O.T practice (Bosseers. A et al 1999 p116), as have lifelong learning, professional development and service quality and governance (Professional Standards for O.T practice 2007). Therefore reflection can be an important part in maintaining knowledgeable skills as part of professional practice. The O.T Codes of Ethics states that O.Ts shall be responsible for maintaining evidence of their continuing professional development (College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 2005, 5.3) therefore, this can be done through reflection. New learning and containing professional development depend on how skilfully you can reflect on your and others practice, to gain new insights, see new relationships, make new discoveries and make explicit the new learning that occurs. (Aslop 2000 p114). Any new knowledge gained from experience will be stored for future reference as and when similar situation arises. (Aslop 2000 p115) In the following reflective account, I am going to use Johns model of reflective structure (appendix one) mixed with Gibbs reflective cycle (appendix two) and will be reflecting on action. I feel both are extremely valuable models and help to express different ideas/feelings in different ways at different points of my reflective account. Other models I could have used are Goodmans levels of reflection (1984), Bortons development framework (1970) and Fish et al strands of reflection. I choose Gibbs reflective cycle as it has characteristics of all other strategies/ frameworks for reflection that have been developed. It has been developed from Kolbs ideas and the ERA cycle. However Gibbs cycle stops at the stage of action so not providing a way to close the cycle or move to reflective practice in terms of taking action (Jasper 2003). This is because Gibbs framework had its foundations from an education context as opposed to a practice one. Therefore I decided to mix Gibbs cycle with Johns model of structured reflection, to combine theoretical reflection and practice environment. Johns is helpful in having cue questions. It provides personal awareness of ourselves, our knowledge and actions .It asks what you could do rather than what you will do. (Jasper 2003 p98). The following narrative describes a critical incident that had a significant effect on me which made me stop and think and raised questions. This incident was the role of Occupational Therapists (O.Ts) within social care and the impact of this upon a service users journey. The role of O.T and Social worker have been combined within social care producing the title Self Directed Support Practitioners (SDS practitioners) Mr.B was a 60 year old man, who lived in a bungalow on his own, with no adaptations or carers. He was admitted to hospital due to a fall whilst using the toilet. He had been released from hospital about 2 months ago and still having problems with self-care, cooking and general mobility. An S.D.S practitioner and myself carried out a home visit on Mr.B. We received a referral from the hospital regarding Mr.Bs health and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). We carried out an assessment on Mr.B and upon assessment; Mr.B used the sink to aid standing from toilet which seemed to be coming off of the wall. His mobility was generally good but had difficulties raising and lowing himself in and out of the bath and rising legs over the lip of the bath. He had slight problems in the kitchen due to mild arthritis when opening of cans and jars, lifting heavy equipment and gripping cutlery. When we assessed Mr.B, I was unsure and slightly confused how to assess in an S.D.S wa y. I was thinking about my O.T values and beliefs and how I could involve these within the assessment. This would involve me assessing in a way that promotes independence, empowering him and motivating him as well as using occupation as a theraputic tool. I was unsure about how to implement social work values as they seemed to clash with my own, for example care packages. Overall I was trying to achieve independence for Mr.B with the least amount of equipment. When we actually started the assessment I was thinking how I could make Mr.B as independent as possible, using equipment to aid this if necessary and therefore empowering him. On the other hand, I had to consider social work values and beliefs. This made me feel extremely confused and concerned that I was not providing the best service for Mr.B when carrying out the assessment and going against my ethics of do good, do no harm, autonomy and justice. When assessing Mr.B he managed to lift his legs over the side of the bath, when using a bath board and hand rail to grip and hd good sitting balance. His transfers off of the toilet needed support so we offered a toilet frame to aid this. The S.D.S practitioner suggested meals on wheels to overcome the problems Mr.B had in the kitchen. When suggested, the equipment and care packages to Mr.B he mentioned that he wanted a wet room and why could he not have one as his friends had one fitted not that long ago This made me think about funding and O.Ts values and beliefs, which in turn made me feel unhappy as Mr.B could not have something he wanted, although this would go against my O.T values. The outcome of the event was not very good. Mr.B refused equipment and care packages and became angry. That made me feel sad as I wanted to help Mr.B with his activities of daily living, to live an independent life. Looking back at the event, I feel maybe I could have convinced Mr.B more to accept the equipment and care packages suggested. Although the care packages co nflicted with my O.T values, I can see a place for these with extremely impaired individuals. I would have suggested adapting equipment within the kitchen, such as grips for cultury, automatic tin openers, a kettle tipper and a perching stool. The emotions I have gone through was anxious, excitement, inquisitive during the start of the event followed by sadness toward the end. To evaluate, the good thing about the experience was the enormous opportunities for continuous professional development as the role of O.T continues to grow. I also feel my understanding of O.T and clinical reasoning skills have developed. I feel that the role of an S.D.S practitioner causes confusion, loss of role identity and crossing over of professional boundaries. Although I feel not a lot went well, I believe my contribution and O.T knowledge aided the situation. I put this across very well, sticking to O.T values and beliefs. The S.D.S. practitioner that I was with managed to balance out the professions very well but I feel provided a care package where adapted equipment would have been enough. This may have happened due to little knowledge of O.T and herself coming form a social work background. I know realise that there was not much I could have done to alter the situation anyway and perhaps a more in-depth knowledge of social work may have helped. I am now more prepared for the role of an S.D.S. practitioner. If carried out again I would definitely gain more insight into the values and beliefs of social workers and be more vocal about my O.T ones. I would have tried to encourage the Mr.B to take the equipment and explained more as to why this was important. To conclude, I have learnt that theory; professional and personal values and beliefs, ethics and legal issues often influence practice. I have learnt the importance of reflecting in order to develop myself professionally and personally. My needs in order to develop my professional practice at this stage of my career are huge. I mainly need to develop my knowledge, communication skills, professional skills and clinically reasoning skills. I have also learnt the role in which I play within a team and according to Belbins team roles, I am a monitor-evaluator mixed with team worker. This means I see all the options and judge accurately, working co-operatively in sensitively and diplomatically. (www.teambuilding.co.uk/belbin-team-role.html) Looking back over the situation, I had to look in-depth at the codes of ethics. It states that O.Ts can only provided services in which they have been taught to do so (5.1). The code of ethics also state in section 5.3 that O.Ts shall recognise the need for multi-professional collaboration but not undertake work that is deemed to be outside the scope of O.T. (College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 2005). When offering equipment and services the most significant rights to health and social care are for example th e National Health Service Act (1977), Mental Health Act (1983), NHS and Community Care Act (1990) (Dimond 2004 p51) I also had to think about professional negligence as litigation is increasing due to expectations of clients in relation to health care growth and the publicity about awards of compensation raises hopes of vast settlements.(Dimond 2004 p97) The white paper on the NHS made changes in the scope of professional practice so that the traditional boundaries between different professions were removed. This presents challenges (diamond P112) no team liability (every professional is accountable for their own actions and cannot blame the team for negligence which has lead to harm), no defence of inexperience (the patient is entitled to the reasonable standard of care whoever provides the treatment), determination of competence (carried out by competent colleagues or external assessors), refusal to undertake activities outside scope of competence (no O.T should undertake ac tivities which are outside the scope of her professional practice) Occupational therapy as a new profession is facing new challenges from the introduction of the HPC and the council for regulation of healthcare profession. Greater integration of health and social care provision is taken place and the college of occupational therapists is preparing for these changes by seeking to refocus the organisations of the work of the o.t by its strategic document from interface to integration. (Dimond 2004 P397). The role of a S.D.S practitioner is extremely difficult. O.Ts felt they were taking on responsibilities of social workers and not the other way around. There were huge issues with professional boundaries and both professions disagreed with the SDS roles and were angry about the change causing conflicts between professionals and within professions. Boud et al (2005b p11) suggested that In the case of reflecting on learning, firstly only learners themselves can learn and only they can reflect on their own experiences. They suggest that teachers assist, but only have admittance to individuals thoughts and feelings by what individuals decide to reveal about themselves. Therefore the learner is in total control. Secondly, reflection is a purposeful activity directed toward a goal and lastly the reflective process where both feelings and thoughts are interconnected and interactive. Negative feelings, can form major barriers toward learning. Positive feelings and emotions can improve the learning process, keeping the learner on the task and providing a stimulus for new learning. (Boud et al 2005b p11) Appendix One The model of structured reflection (msr 1991) p51 Enable practitioners to access the depth and breath of reflection necessary for learning through experience.: ÂÂ § Bring the mind home a preparatory cue to put the person in the best position to reflect. Helps to shift the balance of seeing reflection as a cognitive activity to a more meditative activity. P52 ÂÂ § Focus on a description of an experience that seems significant in some way ÂÂ § What issues are significant to pay attention to issues that perhaps are moved by a feeling or thought p54 ÂÂ § How do I interpret the way people were feeling and why they felt that way illness and admission to hospital create significant anxiety for people p55. understanding how others are feeling strengthens my empathic inquiry, my ability to know and connect with the experience of the other person. ÂÂ § How was I feeling and what made me feel that way did it contradict my values and beliefs. Refl ection is most often triggered by negative or uncomfortable feelings (boyd Fales 1983) it seems natural to focus on negative experiences because theses situations present themselves to consciousness p56. some question which could help are why I feel this way, do I often feel this way in similar situations, could I have not been this way. Another approach is to simply write a story around the feeling p57. Reflection is about coming to know who I am so I can better use my self for therapeutic work p58. Through reflection we become aware of our fear and see the way it constrains our practice. As we reflect we begin to work through the fear. However the deeper we go the more defended we are likely to become. One reason why reflection needs to be expertly guided is to explore these depths within a secure relationship.P58 ÂÂ § What was I trying to achieve and did I respond effectively (aesthetic)- reflect on my responses and actions within the experience and whether my responses were effective in meeting my intended outcomes. E.g. how I appreciated the situation, how I made clinical decisions, my skilful response, my reflection on consequences.p59. Model of reflective inquiry helps to review the way I appreciated the situation, made clinical judgements, responded skilfully and considered if I was effective in meeting the patients health needs. I then think about the influence of the ethical, empirical and person ways of knowing on my performance what is significant about this experience.p60. I can then contemplate how I might respond more effectively given the situation again, did we act for the best, do we know what the best is, what needs to change so we can act for the best p61 Model of reflective inquiry (Johns 2006 p61) ÂÂ § What were the consequences of my actions on the patient, others and myself involves contemplating the consequences of actions for others and yourself. It is deceptively deep.p61 ÂÂ § What factors influence the w ay I was/am feeling, thinking and responding to this direction (personal) gateway to knowing self what makes me tick, what factors pull my strings? To change ourselves we have to access, appreciate and then shift our mental models. This can feel scary as it leads the person deep within themselves, unearthing and revealing influences that stem from social and cultural practices or past experiences that have left a trace. p62 Influences grid (adapted from Johns 2004a:24) p 62 To change who I am requires awareness and understanding of these influences so I can begin to let go of them and learn new patterns of being more congruent with desirable practice. This cue explores boundaries with therapy and highlights the vital need for self-development in human-human encounter work that espouses the intention to work with people from spiritual, psychological and emotional frames of reference. ÂÂ § What knowledge did or might have informed me (empirical) guides the practitione r to identify and access relevant theory or research, critique it for its value to inform the particular experience, and assimilate it within personal knowing to inform future practice, enabling the practitioner to develop praxis (informed moral practice). Allows practitioners to respond meaningfully to the evidence-based practice agenda.p63 ÂÂ § To what extent did I act for the best and in tune with my values (ethical) all action is ethical. Every story is a moral story concerning the practitioners intention to act for the good. This cue has two inter-related issues: firstly, an ethical reflection on the best, and secondly, a review of my values and beliefs that constitute desirable practice. Often ethical principles contradict each other. As such, acting for the best always needs to be interpreted within each moment (copper 1991, parker1990) p64 This may create difficulties within the team if practitioners have different values and personal agendas or demand compliance with authority. Ethical mapping (johns 1998b) p 65 ÂÂ § How does this situation connect with previous experiences (personal) * Looking forward cues ÂÂ § How might I reframe the situation and respond more effectively given this situation again (reflexivity) -it is the fuelling of inquiry and opening to other possibilities in the quest for effectiveness and professional responsibility p72 ÂÂ § What would be the consequences of alternative actions for the patient, others and myself helps weigh up judgements (developing practical wisdom) rather than leaping to quick assumptions p73 ÂÂ § What factors may constrain me responding in new ways weighing up possibilities and considering the consequences of each also the influence grid p73 ÂÂ § How do I now feel about this experience draws attention to my feelings e.g. frustrated, angry or positive ones p73 ÂÂ § Am I more able to support myself and others better as a consequence am I supported well enough within my clinical practice p73 ÂÂ § What insights have I gained as I become more experienced at reflection, I internalise the cues and find myself not using them so formally, more as a check list, especially the influences grid and ethical mapping. P75 ÂÂ § Am I more able to realise desirable practice (framing perspectives) insights are inchoate, tentative. They impact on future practice and in doing so are transformed in response. There are at least six sources of responsibility: being responsible to: p77 1. the patient and family, to help them meet their health needs and support them through the medical response 2. self, to act with integrity according to beliefs and values and to ensure self-effectiveness 3. society, to fulfil and enhance societal expectations 4. the profession, to justify actions within the guidelines of the code of conducts 5. peers, to work in collaboration and mutually supportive ways to ensure patients and families receive congruent, consistent and effective care Appendix Two Gibbs reflective cycle was developed from Kolbs experimental learning cycle: Appendix Three Another model I have chosen to follow for my reflections is that of Boud (1994). Boud states that we undergo three stages of reflection before we commit to actions or outcomes. These stages are: o Stage One Returning to the experience. Replaying the experience in the mind to observe the event as it happened and to notice what occurred. o Stage Two Attending to feelings. Whilst emotions and feelings can be a significant source of learning they can also become a barrier (Boud, 1996). For this reason we need to either work with our emotional responses, find ways to set them aside or retain and enhance them should they be positive. If our feelings form barriers it is important that we recognise this and remove them as only then can learning proceed (Boud, 1996). o Stage Three Re-evaluating experience. This evaluation stage may consist of four aspects which can enhance reflection and its outcome. These are association, integration, validation and appropriation. The se stages help us relate the new experience to what we already know, seek relationships amongst the information and authenticate the resulting ideas and feelings (Boud, 1996). References Bossers.A, Kernaghan. J, Hodgins. L, Merla. L, OConnor, C Van Kessel. M (1999) Defining and developing professionalism, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66 (3) p116-121 College of Occupational Therapy (2005) College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. London, College of Occupational Therapists Diamond. B (2004) Legal Aspects of Occupational Therapy (2nd Ed), Great Britian, Blackwell Publishing Jasper, M (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ltd Johns. C (2009) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner (3rd Ed), United Kingdom, Wiley-Blackwell Boud. D, Keogh. R Walker. D (2005) Promoting Reflection in Learning: a Model Cited in Boud. D, Keogh. R Walker. D Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning, London New York, RoutledgeFalmer Boud. D, Keogh. R Walker. D (2005b) What is reflection in Learning? Cited in Boud. D, Keogh. R Walker. D Reflection: Turning Exper ience into Learning, London New York, RoutledgeFalmer The nine Belbin Team Roles (2009) retrieved 25.1.10 https://www.teambuilding.co.uk/belbin-team-role.html Alsop. A (2004) Continuing Professional Development A Guide for Therapists, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Butler Creek (2008) Ethics. In Creek J, Occupational Therapy Mental Health (4th Ed) Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone Cole, M (2005) Group Dynamics in Occupational Therapy The Theoretical Basis Practice Application of Group Intervention (3rd Ed) Thorofare Creek, J (2003) Occupational Therapy defined as a complex intervention London, College of Occupational Therapist. Finlay, L (2004) The Practice of Psychological Occupational Therapy (3rd Ed) Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes Ltd. Foster, M (2002) Skills for practice. In Turner. A, Foster. M Johnson.S.E Occupational Therapy Physical Dysfunction (5th Ed) Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone Horowitz. B (2003) Ethical decision-making challenges in clinica l practice. Occupational Therapy in Heath Care 16 (4), 1-14 McClure, P (2004) Reflection on practice, Retrieved 07.10.09 from: https://www.practicebasedlearning.org/resources/materials/docs/reflectiononpractice.pdf Reeves S, Zwarenstein M, Goldman J, Barr H, Freeth D, Hammick M Koppe I (2008) Interprofessional education: Effects on Professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of systematic Reviews issue 1. Retrieved 11.10.09 from: https://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002213/pdf_fs.html Richardson G Maltby H (1995) Reflection on practice: enhancing student learning. Journal of Advanced Nursing 22 (2), 235-242 Salls. J, Dolhi. C, Silverman. L Hansen. M (2009) The use of evidence-based practice by Occupational Therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 23 (2), 134-14

Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis - 1728 Words

Marjane Satrapi deliberately uses an interesting layout usually used in successful comic books that convey deep messages. The layout of the graphics in Persepolis include elements such as panels, gutters, and graphic weight. The panels, or distinct segments of a comic containing a combination of images and texts, provide transitions that are instantaneous and direct. For example, on page seven, Satrapi uses a panel to show an innocent conversation with her grandmother about the rules she will assign once she becomes a prophet. The author also uses gutters - the space between framed panels- to clearly show where time happens. For instance, on page three, a gutter is used between two images to show the Islamic Revolution taking place in 1979†¦show more content†¦Based upon the images Satrapi uses, it is evident that the comics allow her to not only reflect on the memories of being surrounded by constant chaos and dramatic changes in her life, but also to convey to readers the amount of obligations she was forced to follow because of the Islamic Revolution and the fear her and her family faced because of their liberal nature in a conservative country like Iran. We can conclude this by realizing how many images in the first chapter show events like protesting and speeches that revolved around forcing people to follow a certain religion and culture. Historical Context Satrapi’s graphic fiction heavily revolves around the political history of Iran. 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A result Air Asia has to develop Free Essays

The current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry and as a result businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal processes in order to develop a sustainable competitive advantage. This is the situation in the airline industry and as a result Air Asia has to develop a sustainable competitive advantage. It is believed that the installation of the e-commerce application will facilitate the implementation of the most important strategy: maximizing access to information. We will write a custom essay sample on A result Air Asia has to develop or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is one of the most important strengths for the company not only because the company will be in a position to collect more information about its customers, but also because the customers will be able to get more information as well. As a result, this will serve as an advertising tool for the company. In this respect, the company will not be facing any problem because the strategy is being implemented through a joint venture with Microsoft. The airline industry is characterized by a high level of competitive intensity and therefore Air Asia has to constantly reengineer its internal operations in order to build and maintain a competitive edge. In this respect, the strategic focus of the company is cost minimization. According to Michael Porter’s framework for strategy formulation, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage. These are differentiation, cost minimization and focus (cited in Fred, 2006). Although Air Asia might be said to be implementing all three strategies, its focus is on minimizing costs. The company is implementing the strategy of focus by targeting underserved markets while it is implementing the strategy of differentiation by adding value-added services to its repertoire. However the reasoning behind choosing to adopt these strategies has been to locate opportunities for ensuring customer satisfaction through focusing on areas of the market which have not been targeted by competitors. As a result, Air Asia manages to charge lower prices than many of its competitors while maintaining comparable standards of quality. Mobile commerce is an extension of e-commerce according to which computer systems can be accessed through the internet on mobile devices such as PDA, smartphone or a cell phone (cited in Hitt, 2007). Mobil commerce has greater flexibility than e-commerce because it has satellite connectivity. As a result, devices which do not have internet connectivity but which have satellite connectivity can conduct transactions via m-commerce. In this respect, it must be mentioned that m-commerce can conduct video and audio conferencing. Therefore the application of m-commerce leads to greater scope for business-to-business and business-to consumer exchanges. This has become the crucial business model in the current business environment which is characterized by a high level of competitive rivalry. This means that businesses must focus on the process of cost minimization. This is facilitated through both e-commerce and m-commerce applications as they facilitate the development of B2B and B2C frameworks. However m-commerce is more convenient because of its greater accessibility. Air Asia’s application of Windows Vista can be extended to m-commerce because Microsoft has already developed operating systems for mobile phones. Therefore Microsoft will be in a position to create interoperability between e-commerce and m-commerce through the Air Asia gadget. Although m-commerce is wirelessly connected, it has the flexibility of being connected through e-commerce as well. This means that any solutions developed for e-commerce can be accessible through m-commerce. This will benefit the consumers because they will not have to be connected to the internet once the Windows Vista application is made compatible in the m-commerce platform. In this respect, the costs of conducting e-commerce applications are higher than m-commerce applications. E-commerce requires connectivity via a personal computer. With m-commerce the same amount of information can be processed through a cell phone. Evolution of e-commerce and m-commerce M-commerce is conducted through small hand-held devices. These devices have small screens which might make it difficult for the customers to read the information. At the same time however, these devices are easily carried. Therefore, through m-commerce, the customers can be in greater contact with the source of information. Another great advantage of m-commerce is that they use wireless application protocols. Therefore they do not have connected through wires. This enhances the portability of m-commerce applications. However the problem is that the technology involved in the wireless application protocol has still room for improvement so that connectivity is still limited. This enhances the cost of conducting transactions because the more time that the customer waits for the information to arrive, the more costly it is. Therefore money-wise it is still more feasible to use an e-commerce application. However there is no doubt that the issues of user-friendly computing are better addressed through m-commerce. In the case of e-commerce, there is a considerable level of concern with security. These issues are less relevant in m-commerce because of its wireless connectivity. However even satellite services which serve as the platform for m-commerce can be vulnerable to online hackers and therefore mobile phone companies are now investing in this area. However there is no doubt that in m-commerce there is less potential for security issues and as a result this is a more attractive proposition for the customers. The problem is that without additional advancements in e-commerce, m-commerce will not become viable. This is a critical issue to consider because different services such as airlines must focus their resources more on m-commerce than on e-commerce because mobile phones are more widely used than computers. Therefore any promotional campaigns targeting online business services will gain greater exposure through m-commerce than through e-commerce. The most important contributing factor is that even those consumers who are not comfortable with using computers in conducting online transactions will have used mobile phones for communications purposes. How to cite A result Air Asia has to develop, Papers

The Man with the Twisted Lip Essay Example For Students

The Man with the Twisted Lip Essay Examine the settings which the writers have chosen for their stories in the Signalman and The Man with the Twisted Lip. Consider the effects that each writer has created and how they contribute to the atmosphere. Both The Signalman by Charles Dickens and The Man with the Twisted Lip by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle use setting to create a menacing atmosphere. They were also both written during Queen Victorias reign: The Signalman in 1866, and The Man with the Twisted Lip in 1891. The Signalman was written five years after the Clayton tunnel crash and a year after Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash which killed ten people and injured forty-nine. Central to the Signalman are two rail accidents, preceded by the appearance of a spectre, and these are both believed to have been used as material for the story. It is, perhaps, saying that railways, a product of the Industrial Revolution and rationality, are not immune to unknown and irrational forces. The Industrial Revolution changed the world: the Victorian era saw the rise of machine powered labour needing fewer people to do work, and mass movement of people from the country to cities. The Man with the Twisted Lip is one of Doyles famous Sherlock Holmes stories. Sherlock Holmes is an amateur detective who always manages to solve his cases, unlike the police of the time who were unable to catch the infamous Jack the Ripper, at work two years before this story was written. Holmes was so popular that when Doyle killed him off, the public demanded he be brought back. Doyle used real settings for his stories, mostly in London, including Baker Street, where Holmes lived. For readers of the time, it provided a feeling that exciting things were happening in the streets they walked in; today it grants us an insight into historical London. Dickens also created many memorable descriptions of London and its people, using characters from all sections of society. This story, however, is set around an isolated stretch of railway line in an unnamed part of the countryside. This ambiguity of location adds to the mystery surrounding the line. From the very beginning of the Signalman, Dickens introduces the sinister atmosphere of the story. There is an instant contrast between the signalman, shadowed down in the deep trench and the narrator high above (in the) glow of an angry sunset. The narrator, as yet unaware of the supernatural happenings, has to descend into darkness and the unknown to satisfy his curiosity. This is a common device in many mystery and ghost stories, and in todays horror films. By calling the sunset angry, Dickens hints at violence, and also the colour red, associated with aggression. This is echoed in the rapid approach of a train, suddenly growing from a vague vibration to a violent pulsation, suggesting hostility and attack, and possibly a warning to the narrator to turn away. The rough zigzag path is also unwelcoming, and rough implies that no one else uses it. The cutting, a man-made scar on the landscape, is deep and probably dangerous, as it becomes oozier and wetter as he goes down, again, a reason for him to turn back. The stone is clammy as if it is sweating nervously and unpleasantly. As the narrator reaches the signalman, it becomes clear that this is an ominous and gloomy place. It is solitary and dismal devoid of hope or life. The wall of jagged stone is primitive and unsafe, excluding all but a strip of sky. It is denying any view of the natural world above, generating a mood of claustrophobia and captivity, accentuated by the description of the setting as a dungeon with dripping-wet walls. .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .postImageUrl , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:hover , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:visited , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:active { border:0!important; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:active , .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1f38ff098419d8e4f14d57935250dac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Teenage SuicideDickens writes that there is so little sunlight instead of describing it as dark to increase the desolation by making it seem deprived of something. Dickens also describes the smell, an earthy deadly smell reminiscent of a graveyard, a traditional horror or mystery setting. Looking one way is only a crooked prolongation of this view. The adjective crooked suggests dishonesty and wrongness, and prolongation that it never ends and again, there is no escape. In the other direction is only the gloomy red light and gloomier black tunnel. By using gloomy instead of dark Dickens makes them seem dreary. Both the light and the tunnel are significant later in the story, and the narrator is already wary of them. The use of the comparative implies that wherever he looks, he can find nothing better about the place: it only gets worse. The massive architecture of the tunnel suggests this artificial structure is soulless and makes the narrator feel small. The atmosphere is barbarous. Like the jagged wall this conveys the crudeness unexpected in this modern creation. It is also forbidding, continuing the theme that the narrator should not be there. The sense of foreboding is strong; he says it struck chill to me, a worrying sensation that could be due to the ghostly presence. Struck suggests it is sudden and perhaps unsettling. It is as if the narrator has left the natural world, and indeed, there is a supernatural presence here in the spectre that appears. It suggests death, as if he has left this world and passed into another. Finally, it is a lonesome post forgotten by all, and he later considers this may have had an effect on the signalmans mind. These subtle hints of the supernatural build the tension for later in the story. Once the narrator has introduced himself to the signalman, he is taken to the box. Although it is small, as implied by the word box itself, it has a fire, a desk and a telegraphic instrument, all solid, comforting and things. The fire is inviting and a great reassurance. The desk and telegraphic instrument are both symbols of the new logical world, where science increasingly explained the world. The Man with the Twisted Lip begins in Dr. Watsons cosy living room. It is the hour when a man gives his first yawn so he is not planning to do anything else tonight. However the arrival of Kate Whitney makes him leave his armchair and cheery sitting-room. It is not necessary for the story to start here: Doyle could have begun it on the way to the Bar of Gold, but this location is a direct contrast to the places Watson will go to next. Swandam Lane is a vile alley lurking near the wharves somewhere in the East End, the poorest part of London. Vile suggests a repulsive atmosphere and alley a dark, fetid passageway. The personification of lurking makes it seem either ashamed, or lying in wait, about to attack. The slop shop and gin shop are an indication of the poverty of the area. A slop shop was a place where ready-made clothing was sold which no respectable Victorian person would wear. The gin shop implies drunkenness and possible violence, as well as reinforcing the poverty of the area: gin was drunk by most working class people. It is dark, apart from the two golden tunnels of yellow light from a cart. Golden suggests something precious and tunnels some form of escape. Few sounds penetrate the gloom. The policemans footfall is one, as a policeman would be needed in such a place, probably to subdue the shouting revellers. These noises serve to heighten the silence around, suggesting that no one wants to stay there long. The murky river moves sluggishly, murky suggesting debris hidden beneath the surface, and the adverb sluggishly gives the river the same lazy characteristics of the inhabitants of the area, or the middle- and upper-class view of them, as until recently they were the only people able to read. .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .postImageUrl , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:hover , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:visited , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:active { border:0!important; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:active , .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738 .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c1d0bdea23c3232015e7a1523db3738:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rustlers of Panther Gap EssayThe steps down to The Bar of Gold have been worn by the ceaseless tread of drunken feet. This shows that people are already intoxicated when they go there to smoke opium, another indication of squalor. The steps lead down to a black gap. As in The Signalman, the character must descend into the unknown. The long low room is thick and heavy with brown smoke creating an oppressive atmosphere.

Genghis Khan Destined To Be A Hero Essays - Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan: Destined to be a Hero Genghis Khan: Destined to be a Hero Arriving in this world with a blood clot in the palm of his hand , Genghis Khan was destined to be a hero. In 1167, Genghis Khan was born to Yisugei, Chieftain of the Kiyat-Borjigid, and his wife Ho'elun. He was named Temujin (which means blacksmith) after a Tatar Chieftain his father had just captured. As a young boy, Temujin experienced many hardships after his father was poisoned by a group of Tartars. This loss of their leader caused the Kiyat tribe to scatter, leaving Temujin and his family alone. Yet, with much will power and determination Temujin developed into an intelligent, brave warrior at an early age. In 1189, when Temujin was 22, he was elected new leader of the Kiyat tribe. His rise to power came when a rival clan, the Merkit, captured his wife, Borte. The Khan of the Kereit tribe, Toghril, helped him by providing him with 20,000 soldiers. Also, Jamuka, a childhood friend provided an army. With their help Temujin destroyed the Merkit tribe. Soon after this victory his allies abandoned him and plundered his property, but he ?tactfully' captured them, taking their men and turning them into his soldiers and servants. This victory laid the foundation for his rise to power. He started taking over other clans one by one. Eventually his alliance with Toghril dissipated and he also took over the powerful Keriet tribe. This event caused him to be in direct competition for ruling power with his former ally Jamuka. Many of Jamuka's men deserted him for Temujin who they believed to be the true winner and wiser more powerful leader. This desertion resulted in Jamuka being outnumbered and the result was an easy victory. So, in 1206 Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan, "emperor of all emperors, universal ruler, oceanic king and precious warrior" Holding this title with pride, he embarked upon his quest to unite all of Mongolia. He began to build a vision of a powerful and expansive Empire. His initial unifying act was to banish the old nomadic class system and develop the first Mongolian Code of Laws - the Yassa or "Grand Law". Genghis' well structured and powerful army was the key to his success. He kept his men under firm control with harsh training and strict discipline. He kept his Kingdom on the cutting edge by teaching the army to use new weapons and strategies. Keeping whole armies completely loyal was a very difficult task, but Genghis used a system of promotion based on hard work and skill rather than birthright. With a strong army and government, his Kingdom was ready to expand. In 1209, they started their attack on the Xi Xia in Northwest China. By 1215, he had them conquered and was continued moving northeast and attacked and captured Beijing , the capital of the Jin Empire. Then after conquering the Kara-Khitai empire in 1218, he moved his conquest westward leaving China and facing the world. This world conquest was dependent on the role of the horse. As his Empire grew Genghis developed a pony express system, the Yam. This network of horse messengers carried information over hundreds of routes, a thousand miles in every direction. The Mongols valued horseback riding skills realizing that speedy, dependable transportation would create a system to unite the great Empire that eventually reached from China to the edge of the Danube. To cover the great distances, the horses and their riders were required to be very hardy and self-reliant. The soldiers had to travel hard and fast for many days without supply trains to support them. The challenge of survival created a system of complete dependence on their horses. Small packets of dried meat were laid under the saddles to soften, and rations of mare's milk butter were kept in the men's jackets. The men lived in filth, rarely bathing or ever changing their clothes. It has been said that a Mongol army could be smelled from 20 miles away. Each man had about five horses and a herd of remounts always followed the armies to ensure that there would be a sufficient amount of horses. Fresh mounts allowed men to travel faster. They usually covered over 80 miles a day. The horses also provided available fresh meat and their blood was boiled over a fire making a thick, black pudding. Also, when marching for days, the men responded to the lack of water by cutting a vein in the horse's neck and drinking the blood. In 1220, Genghis and his hordes crushed the kingdom of Krorezm which

Solid protein formulation Essay Example

Solid protein formulation Essay Example Solid protein formulation Essay Solid protein formulation Essay Introduction for solid protein preparation ( Essay title 5 ) Background: Solid protein preparation has ever been a challenge due to the deficiency of physical, chemical stablenesss and besides complications involved during protein fabrication and purification. To accomplish an acceptable shelf life, they are normally formulated into a solid signifier. Methods available include freeze drying, spray drying and supercritical fluid drying. However, freezing prohibitionist ( freeze-drying ) is the most normally used method. It can be dated back to 1890s where it was foremost tested and used in Leipzig, Germany ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . However, it was merely until the fiftiess that freeze-drying had been used in the nutrient and drug industry. Lyophilisation offers several advantages, being an sterile procedure that had been approved by the governments which enhances the shelf life of the merchandise significantly and allows rapid reconstitution of the concluding merchandise prior to utilize ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Freeze-drying procedure: Chiefly, freeze-drying involves the remotion of H2O molecules from proteins. Stability was achieved by restricting the motion of protein molecules and avoiding debasement tracts that were facilitated by H2O molecules. Procedure can be separated to three chief stairss, viz. , stop deading, primary drying and secondary drying. During freeze, temperature of protein solution was lowered until below the eutectic temperature ( Teut ) . This temperature by definition was the temperature in a mixture where solution and substance pure solids co-exist at fixed force per unit area. With increasing ice formation, concentration of unfrozen protein solution additions consequently until staying solution becomes excessively syrupy that it finally turns into an formless solid solution resembling a glass. This temperature where preparation vitrifies is known as glass passage temperature ( Tg ) . This glassy web has mechanical stableness which allows it to self-support and does non disintegrate upon the remotion of ice, go forthing behind a porous web that is easy rehydrated. Approximately 98 % of the H2O content was isolated in the signifier of ice ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . Subsequently, primary drying was preformed to take the ice via sublimation. This was achieved by providing heat to the matrix and procedure relies on the rate of sublimation of ice to chill down the formed merchandise. Conversely with repeated drying, a bed of dried bar signifiers above the ice forepart, offering opposition against sublimation. Rate of sublimation lessenings as a effect. Therefore at this point, if process uses a temperature higher than Tg so changes need to be done to avoid the prostration of matrix construction ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ; McNally E.J, 2007 ) . It is necessary to appreciate the opposition by dried bed and stairss must be taken to keep merchandise temperature below Tg ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Upon completion, secondary drying was performed to extinguish staying unfrozen H2O within the protein. Removal is done via desorption at a low force per unit area value. As H2O content diminutions, there s an addition in merchandise Tg intending Tg of the merchandise was somewhat higher than Tg initial towards the terminal of the drying procedure. This allows an addition in merchandise temperature for farther desorption. By equilibrating the addition in temperature with rate of drying, desorption of staying H2O without well transcending Tg of merchandise can be achieved. Equally long as the rate of temperature slope does non transcend 5 Â °C/hour, jobs seldom emerge ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . However, freeze-drying is recognised as an expensive process due to its tremendous energy ingestion and long processing clip ( up to few yearss ) . Hence, economical considerations are of import when sing procedure optimization. This normally means supplying a complete processing rhythm utilizing least sum of clip stoping with an terminal merchandise of acceptable quality. Optimization of freeze-drying procedure Problems were normally encountered during primary drying. Key variables to be monitored were sublimation interface temperature ( turning away of macroscopic construction prostration ) and sublimating interface place ( rating of primary drying advancement ) . These parametric quantities can be determined by both attacks mentioned below. Dynamic Parameters Estimation is an advanced manometric temperature measuring capable of set uping optimum shelf temperature and license quickest drying clip without transcending Tg of merchandise. But it merely provides stray informations ( no uninterrupted measurings ) as an mean appraisal of the province of the system ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ; 2009b ) . Furthermore surveies demonstrates that they must be interpreted with attention when important heterogeneousnesss were present within the batch ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ) . These can be overcome by matching the system with package detectors like Extended Kalman Filter ( EKF ) based perceivers EFK perceivers on the other manus, were able to set up temperature of the merchandise at any axial place and sublimating interface patterned advance, by working a single-point mensural temperature at the underside of the merchandise. It allows uninterrupted monitoring of phials placed at different places which give a direct in-line rating of batch differences. The documentation between appraisal and existent values were by and large good, except during the first portion of drying rhythm. It has been observed that the public presentation of the perceiver can be improved if it is coupled with the DPE tool ( Barresia A.A, 2009b ) . Hence, the two complementary supervising systems can be combined to obtain a robust loanblend control system. Problem in perscpective: Stresses experienced by the protein during freeze-drying However, freeze-drying is non without restrictions. In order for the merchandise to function its intent, proteins would necessitate to remain in its native province to recover its map upon rehydration. However, the procedure itself is capable of bring forthing emphasiss that would take to stop merchandise failure. These emphasiss could be subdivided into three types which are low temperature emphasis, stop deading emphasis and drying emphasis. Low temperature emphasis causes increased hydration of non polar groups and weakening of protein solvophobic interaction. Following hydration, polypeptide ironss which were compactly arranged unfolds to expose internal non-polar groups to H2O. This procedure was enthalphy driven and may explicate some denaturation theoretical account of proteins although the dynamicss may be excessively slow to unfold proteins during freeze-drying ( Privalov PL,1990 ) Cold denatured proteins illustrations were b-lactoglobulin, myoglobin and phosphoglycerate kinase ( Tang XL A ; Pikal M.J, 2005 ) . Then, stop deading procedure itself produces several stableness jobs. First, with increasing solution concentration ionic strength within atoms additions ( Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, 2007 ) . This was observed in aluminum hydrated oxide adjuvant incorporating vaccinums where atoms were so tightly packed that ionic strength dominates and collection commences ( Zapata M.I, 1984 ) . Second, surface assimilation of proteins to the ice-water interface formed during stop deading leads to the flowering of native construction. This subsequently exposes amino groups that farther facilitate inactivation via protein collection ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Rapid chilling rhythms generate larger ice H2O interface due to formation of little crystals ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ) . It was observed in fibroblast growing factors and maleate dehydragenase. Freezing besides causes pH changes by selectively clear one of the buffering species within protein solut ion. Perturbation occurs owing to increased electrostatic repulsive force between two similar charged groups at high or low pH values ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Pikal et al studies of notably more inactivation and secondary structural disturbance of b-galactosidase in Na phosphate ( NaP ) buffer than in K phosphate buffer. Effect was attributed by pH displacements of about 3 units during stop deading procedure with NaP buffer ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ; Pikal-Cleland K.A, 2000 ) . Last, stage separation besides occurs due to altered solubility of excipients at low temperatures. The procedure could give rise to different Tg values as seen with whey proteins and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose co-dried mixtures which exhibits two Tg values in to the full phase-separated system, one Tg value for non-phase-separated co-dried mixture and three Tg values for in between systems ( Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R, 2009 ; Randolph TW, 1997 ) . Drying emphasis was caused by partial riddance of the hydration shell which covers the protein surface ensuing in H bonds which played an of import function in the thermodynamic stableness of proteins being removed ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . During the remotion of H2O molecules, proteins tend to reassign protons to ionized carboxyl groups and abolish as many charge as possible. Equilibrium energies within native verifications were disrupted and favours denaturation. Reduced charge denseness besides promotes protein-protein hydrophobic interaction doing non covalent collection ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . In add-on, H2O molecules may besides function as an indispensable portion of protein active site and remotion of these molecules leads to protein inactivation as seen in muramidases. ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Since, stop deading and desiccation induces different signifiers of emphasis to do protein denaturation. Stabilizers were necessary to protect proteins from stop deading ( cryoprotection ) and desiccation ( lyoprotection ) stresses. However, effectual cryoprotectants may non move as good lyoprotectants hence add-on of two or more stabilizers are necessary in some instances. Dicuss of assorted attacks that might be taken to work out the job Addition of stabilizers: Discriminatory exclusion was proposed as the mechanism for cryoprotection. In the presence of a stabilising agent, protein favors interaction with H2O and excludes stabilizers from its sphere. The exclusion leads to a rise in protein chemical potency and consequence was relative to protein molecule surface country. Subsequently, the system minimises thermodynamically unfavorable consequence of discriminatory exclusion by favoring protein verification with the least surface country. Therefore, native province of proteins was conserved. This consequence besides applies during non-denaturating conditions as proteins constructions do non be in a distinct signifier and fluctuation from most compact verification tends to go on ( Timasheff, S.N. , 1993 ) . Two hypotheses have been proposed as the mechanism for lyoprotection. Water permutation hypothesis was based on thermodynamic stabilisation mechanism. Water-hydrogen bonds are critical in keeping thermodynamic stableness of proteins and stabilizers were able to organize similar H bonds on protein surfaces. Therefore, this acts as a replacement to the H interaction that was lost upon H2O remotion during drying. Therefore, this causes an equilibrium displacement of protein verifications towards the more stable unfolded province. Glass dynamic hypothesis was based strictly on kinetic stabilisation mechanism and scattering of proteins in a stiff, inert formless glassy solid was defined as stableness. Stabilizers acts as inert, good glass formers which provides the stiff matrix and couples the gesture of proteins with matrix construction. Subsequently, thermodynamically goaded debasement was of no concern because the system itself prevents the equilibrium displacement of protein construct ions ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Further surveies demonstrate that degree of stabilization offered was concentration dependant. Excipients with a concentration sufficient to organize a monolayer around the protein were the least necessary to achieve maximal stabilisation. Therefore, it depends on the mass ratio of excipient to targeted proteins. Further addition in mass ratio provides small benefit in offering excess protection ( YH Liao, 2002 ) . Sugars/polyols are effectual cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. A concentration of 0.3M was suggested to be the minimal concentration needed to supply stabilisation consequence. This corroborates with consequences obtained from freezed coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase and phopofructokinase. However with increasing concentration, it can really clear and do protein denaturation. Later it was found that disaccharides appeared to be the most effectual among this group of stabilizers ( Carpenter J.F, 1997 ) . However, non all proteins can be stabilised by sugar/polyols. For illustration saccharose had limited consequence in forestalling collection of recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffered saline ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Polymers can besides move as both cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. Mode of action may be due to one or more of the undermentioned belongingss: elevates merchandise Tg value, inhibits crystallization of little bracing agents and increases solution viscousness taking to restricted protein motion ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, there are restrictions. Polymers might arouse phase separation during stop deading every bit observed on recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffer solution incorporating PEG 3350, dextran T500 and NaCl ( Heller, M.C, 1999 ) . In add-on, it may do protein destabilization owing to steric hinderance which limits efficient H adhering with protein as observed in dextran ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Wetting agents on the other manus Acts of the Apostless as a cryoprotectant. It lowers the surface tenseness of protein solution ensuing in decreased inclination of protein surface assimilation. Thus collection leaning declines. It was besides proposed that bracing consequence may besides be attributed by helping protein refolding and binding which hinders proteins of wetting agents offering cryoprotection includes Tween 80 and polyoxyethylene lauryl quintessence ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, wetting agents were less effectual in protecting against thermally induced denaturation and at higher concentrations of wetting agents may destabilise a supermolecule ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . As a drumhead, different group of stabilizers offers protection via different mechanism. However, none of them were without restrictions. Considerations need to be done in taking the most appropriate 1s for the preparation. Addition of bulking agents: Bulking agents were used to accomplish physical stableness and to supply a organic structure to keep the active ingredients as active ingredient of a preparation was ever of a really little measure. These were normally used when the active concentration in the fill solution was less than 2 % weight ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) Some illustrations of bulking agents were Osmitrols and dextran. Normally crystalline agents ( Osmitrol ) were preferred because stronger dried bars with better disintegration features were formed when compared to formless agents. As mentioned antecedently, merchandise temperature must be kept below merchandises eutectic temperature and any incorrect appraisal consequences in either structural prostration or prolonged processing clip. High merchandise Tg value was hence favorable as it allows the procedure continuance to be shortened. There are two ways to increase Tg, either by adding a crystalline bulking agent ( Osmitrol ) with high eutectic temperature or an formless bulking agent with high T?g ( dextran ) ( Passot S, 2005 ) . Mannitol crystallisation along with preparations would let the primary drying freeze-drying rhythm to be carried out on a high temperature without major hazard of structural prostration. However on freeze, it may merely clear partly and organize crystallohydrate which restricts the remotion of H2O molecules on secondary drying. Besides, it exists in three different polymorph constructions ( ? , ? , and ? ) and was associated with an increased hazard of vial breakage due to volume enlargement on freeze ( Arakawa T, 2001 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . Dextran on the other manus, in add-on to the advantage mentioned above besides provides lyoprotection and offers bracing consequence upon long term storage. Effect was observed in cut downing loss of coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase activity during freeze-drying and decreased protein collection of interleukin-2 during storage at 5 ?C. However, its inclusion may besides do opposing effects. For case, inclusion of dextran 40 into preparation incorporating sucrose additions collection inclination of lyophilized interleukin-6 when stored at 40 ?C for nine months ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Finally, the pick of bulking agents was governed by principle for usage. For case, it is to be used as a matrix organizing agent or as a stabilizer. A suited pick consequences in optimum merchandise quality with enhanced stableness. Instability jobs during storage/shelf life. Although freeze-drying with the presence of excipients stabilises the protein preparation, long term storage may still give rise to chemical debasement. Formation or exchange of disulfide bonds is the major debasement pathway taking to protein collection as shown in insulin, b-galactoside and bovid serum albumen ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) .Cysteinyl residues in protein are one of the illustrations which were capable of undergoing such reactions. It can be in the signifier of free sulphydryl group or disulphide bonds ; where on long term storage free sulphydryl group undergoes reaction to organize disulphide bonds ( Passot S, 2005 ) Usually oxidization of these reactive side ironss was introduced to change over them into less active disulfide signifiers. Intermolecular disulphide exchange on the other manus was catalyzed by free thiol group formed by b-elimination of an bing disulfide bonds. They contribute to disulphide interchange taking to intermolecular cross links ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Deamination besides occurs where hydrolysis of the protein side concatenation outputs a carboxylic group. Both asparagine and glutamine residue groups are susceptible towards this reaction. The rate finding measure involves intramolecular nucleophilic onslaught to organize a reactive cyclic anhydride intermediate or a cyclic imide intermediate ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Explicating at a pH below impersonal pH decreases the advancement of this reaction ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . Example of protein deaminization includes insulin deaminization via a cyclic anhydride intermediate during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Maillard reaction, besides known as browning reaction consequences from interactions between reduced sugars with basic protein residues such as lysine, arginine, asparagines and glutamine to organize saccharide adducts ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Reduced sugars have different responsivenesss depending on the species involved. However although saccharose is a non-reducing sugar, it can easy be reduced to organize two cut downing sugars particularly at low pH values. Hence sucrose preparations are besides susceptible towards browning. This reaction had been observed in human relaxin and interleukin-6 during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . PH accommodations, antioxidant use and low temperature were normally adopted to command rate of Maillard reaction ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Oxidation is besides one of the debasement pathways. It involves methionyl residue which contains a sulfur mediety in a thio-ether linkage capable of organizing sulphoxide upon oxidization. Other side ironss like cystine, histidine, and tryptophan were besides possible campaigners. However, reaction relies on local environmental status. In order to change over the O molecule into reactant species like superoxide groups or hydroxyl groups, external assistance is necessary. This may come in the signifier of visible radiation, presence of cut downing agent or transitional metal ions ( Li SH, 1996a ) . Oxidation can be minimised by add-on of sugars ( ethylene ethanediol, glycerin, glucose ) which forms H bonds to the surface of the protein and preserves its native verification ( Li SH, 1996b ) . The reaction had been observed in lyophilized interleukin-2 ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Last, storage temperature besides contributes towards protein stableness. With increasing temperature, there was an increased loss of protein activity. In add-on, it was found to advance protein collection, chemical debasement and facilitate recrystallisation of lyophilized protein. Protein collection was ascribed by an addition mobility of molecules at high temperature. Temperature induced debasement had been observed in interleukin-1 receptor adversary and tumour mortification factor. However, fickle temperatures had more damaging effects than a individual high storage temperature. Hence, storage temperature should be of a changeless low value to understate temperature induced merchandise debasement ( Wang W, 2000 ) . In decision, lyophilised merchandises are really sensitive to debasement. Hence, to bring forth a merchandise of acceptable quality with maintained efficaciousness prior to utilize, we need to ever take notes in ways to understate protein debasement. The aim for this experiment was to look into factors that would impact the stableness of lyophilized protein. Mentions: 1. Arakawa T, Prestrelski S.J, Kenney W.C, Carpenter J.F. Factors impacting short-run and long-run stablenesss of proteins. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Mar. 2001 ; 46 ( 1-3 ) : 307-326 2. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line monitoring of the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying procedure in vial by agencies of a Kalman filter based observer. Chemical technology research and design. 2009a ; 87:1409-1419 3. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line control of the freeze-drying procedure. A soft PAT attack utilizing package detectors. International diary of infrigidation. 2009b ; 32:1003-1014. 4. Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, Bognerhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? R.H, Pikal M.Jhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? . Protein Stability During Freezing: Separation of Stresses and Mechanisms of Protein Stabilization. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2007 ; 12 ( 5 ) : 505-523 5. Carpenter J.F, Pikal M.J, Chang B.S, Randolph T.W. Rational Design of Stable Lyophilized Protein Formulations: Some Practical Advice. Pharmaceutical Research. Aug. 1997 ; 14 ( 8 ) : 969 975 6. Chang LQ, Pikal M.J. Mechanisms of protein stabilisation in the solid province. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009 ; 98 ( 9 ) : 2886-2908. 7. Costantino HR, Langer R, Klibanov AM. Moisture-induced collection of lyophilised insulin. Pharm Research. 1994 ; 11 ( 1 ) :21-29. 8. Franks F, Auffret T. Freeze-drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals. Principles and Practice. Cambridge. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2007. p.4, 10, 134-140, 173 9. Heller, M.C. , Carpenter, J.F. , Randolph, T.W. Protein preparation and freeze-drying rhythm design: bar of harm due to freeze-concentration induced stage separation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999 ; 63: 166-174. 10. Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R. Glass passage temperature of protein polysaccharide co-dried mixtures as affected by the extent and morphology of stage separation. Thermochimica Acta. Apr. 2009 ; 487 ( 1-2 ) : 65-73 11. Liao YH, Brown MB, Quader A, Martin GP. Protective Mechanism of Stabilizing Excipients against Dehydration in the Freeze Drying of Proteins. Pharmaceutical Research. Dec. 2002 ; 19 ( 12 ) : 1854 1861. 12. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Overcashier D, Hsu C, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Effectss of cut downing sugars on the chemical stableness of human relaxin in the lyophilised province. J Pharm Sci. 1996a ; 85 ( 8 ) :873-877. 13. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Inhibitory consequence of sugars and polyols on the metal-catalyzed oxidization of human relaxin. J Pharm Sci 1996b ; 85 ( 8 ) :868-872. 14. Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M. Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals. Drug Discov Today: Technol 2008 ; e1 e7 15. McNally E.J, Hastedt E.J, Swarbrick J. Protein Formulation and Delivery. 2nd edition. NY. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2007. p. 177 212 16. Passot S, Fonseca F, Alarcon-Lorca M, Rolland D, Marin M. Physical word picture of preparations for the development of two stable lyophilized proteins during both dried and liquid storage. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. Aug. 2005 ; 60 ( 3 ) : 335-348 17. Parkins D.A, Lashmar U.T. The preparation of biopharmaceutical merchandises Pharmaceutical Science A ; Technology Today. Apr. 2000 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 129-137 18. Pikal-Cleland K.A, Nair Rodriguez-Hornedo, Amidon G. L, Carpenter J.F. Protein Denaturation during Freezing and Thawing in Phosphate Buffer Systems: Monomeric and Tetrameric ?-Galactosidase. Archivess of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Dec 2000 ; 384 ( 2 ) : 398-406 19. Privalov PL. Cold Denaturation of Proteins. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1990 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 281-306. 20. Randolph TW. Phase Separation of Excipients during Lyophilization: Effectss on Protein Stability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Jul. 1997 ; 86 ( 11 ) : 1198-1203 21. Tang XL, Pikal M.J. Measurement of the Kinetics of Protein Unfolding in Viscous Systems and Implications for Protein Stability in Freeze-Drying. Pharmaceutical Research. Jul. 2005 ; 22 ( 7 ) : 1176-1185. 22. Timasheff, S.N. The control of protein stableness and association by weak interactions with H2O: how do dissolvers impact these procedures? Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. Jun 1993 ; 22: 67-97. 23. Wang W. Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 ; 203: 1-60 24. Zapata M.I. , Feldkamp J.R. , Peck G.E. , White J.L. , Hem S.L. , Mechanism of freeze-thaw instability of aluminium hydroxycarbonate and Mg hydrated oxide gels. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984 ; 73: 3-8.

Security Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy Essay

Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy - Essay Example Hamilton’s and Jefferson's political philosophy There were two camps who came head to head over advocating different ideologies; on one side there was Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of treasury under Washington who advocated a strong centralized government, while on the other hand there was Thomas Jefferson, the secretary of state under Washington and the third President of the U.S. who was against a centralized government and favored a republican government that would have more to do with foreign affairs and less with the laws that have been imposed in any state of the country. Jefferson opposed a centralized form of government feeling that it would threaten the notions of freedom laid down by the Constitution. Jefferson did everything that was in his power to make sure that America did not become the â€Å"new† England under King George III, which would be disastrous to the cause of the revolution on which basis the American nation had been founded. Alexander Hamilton had a different point of view. Alexander Hamilton could be considered an elitist who advocated that rich and well-born are the chosen ones to rule the country (Nagel 76). Alexander Hamilton believed that a country like America would not survive if it gives too much freedom to its states as doing that would mean fueling their desire of their own independence. Hamilton was like a deputy to George Washington and was quite effective in formulating the policy of incorporation of centralized government in the United States.... According to Hamilton, I believe the British government forms the best model the world has ever produced...This government has for its object public strength and individual security. (Pollard 69) He viewed the British form of government in the exact opposite context as was seen by Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton was accepting the good points of a centralized government point of view in the British form of government against the bad points of freedom laid down by the same government. The section of the U.S. politics from which Hamilton originated was very concerned with the survival of the 13 states that made up the United States of America back in that time, regardless of what the role of government was defined. However, he was quite sure that the vision put forward by Thomas Jefferson, a republican form of government, was in no way practical for the survival of states. Jefferson interpreted the constitution as sacred text that defines the rights of the government. According to Jefferson the government shall be defined in the following way: "Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security." (Baghatur 239) He wanted to prove Hamilton wrong who proclaimed that a government with limited powers will not be able to guarantee the survival of

Financial Performance Analysis of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group Essay

Financial Performance Analysis of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group - Essay Example It is of great significance that the ratios must be benchmarked against a standard in order for them to possess a meaning. Keeping that into account, the comparison is usually conducted between companies portraying same business and financial risks, between industries and between different time periods of the same company. The company under consideration is Fuller Smith and Turner Plc Group and in this report analysis of the financial performance of the company over two years has been conducted in order to draw attention to various financial trends and significant changes over the period. The analysis is divided into three main categorize namely Profitability, Liquidity and Gearing. Profitability ratios identify how efficiently and effectively a company is utilizing its resources and how successful it has been in generating a desired rate of return for its shareholders and investors. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the company to quickly convert its asset into liquid cash to settle its short term liabilities. Whereas, the Gearing ratios identifies the extent to which the company is financed through debt and to what degree the operations are being conducted from the finance raised through raising equity capital or otherwise. Profitability Ratios    2010 2009    Profitability Ratios Gross profit margin 67.85% 67.48% Net profit margin 14.14% 9.90% ROCE 15.54% 10.56% Gross profit margin is an analyzing tool which assists in identifying how effectively and efficiently the company is utilizing its raw materials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The ratio is calculated by dividing the sales revenue by the gross profit for the year. If we analyze the gross profit margin of financial year 2010 we can only see a marginal increase in the ratio as compared to the financial year 2009. During 2010 the revenue of Fuller Smith and Turner Plc has increased by 8.428% but connectively has also increased by 7.174% thus resulting in only marginal increase in the gross profit margin. Maintenance of gross profit ratio is quite commendable as the companies usually are not able to maintain such ratio due to price fluctuation in the raw materials and other factors related to production cost. Increase in revenue can be described due to several factors such as increase in per unit sales price, increase in customer base and increase in overall sales volume due to higher demand in the market. Net profit margin, on the other hand analyzes the profitability of the company before deducting the taxation and finance charges from the earnings [2]. The ratio is calculated by dividing the profit before interest and tax with the sales revenue of the current financial period. The ratio highlights how well the company is managing its selling and administrative expenses it also highlights the other income generated by the company during the course of its operations. The net profit margin of the company has shown considerable improvement as it has increased by 4.24% during the current financial year. The distribution and other administrative ex

Short Message Service

Short Message Service Short Message Service (SMS) Short message service (SMS) is a mechanism of sending and receiving short messages between the subscribers. The messages can be sent from GSM mobiles and also from devices like internet. It is a mature technology supported by most of the mobile sets and over GSM networks. SMS is carried out in the scope of 3G. SMS does not involve message transfer directly from sender to receiver. It is a store-and-forward service i.e. the message from sender is stored in an SMSC from where it is forwarded to the recipient. This method is advantageous because the recipient mobile needs not to be active or in range of the sender mobile. If in ay case the recipient mobile does not respond the message is store in SMSC and can be send later. After the message is successfully transferred a delivery report is also send to the sender to ensure the successful communication to the desired recipient. In order to avoid overloading in the system the standard defined for maximum numbers of characters in an SMS are 160 characters for Latin alphabets and 70 characters for non-Latin alphabets like Arabic or Chinese. 5.1History of SMS In late 1980s, the telecommunication experts felt the need of sending short messages along with the service of making calls. The result of this discussion was that the first ever Short Message was successfully send on December 3, 1992, in United Kingdom over a Vodafone GSM network. The first message stated as â€Å"Merry Christmas†. It was due to this success that later Short Message Service started in UK and Norway. Initially the messaging growth is very slow around 0.4 messages per month but according to an estimate in 2003 its growth has increased to 168 billon messages over the world. The early adopters of SMS were teenagers followed by adults, business people and are now used by all sections of the society. The huge amount of SMS sends or receives now days provoked a new form of SMS communication which gave rise to abbreviations and acronyms. This form of communication save time and is understood by most of the people. Started from the objective of sending or receiving messages SMS is now used for many other purposes. Form bidding amount to TV show voting, cooking recipes to cricket match score, weather news to horoscope everything can be viewed on the mobile screen in the form of an SMS. A service started from 0.4 messages per month is now a billion dollar industry. During the last 16 years the average of sending SMS has gone very far. And it will surely increase in the years to follow. 5.2SMS Architecture The basic of launching SMS service was to exchange limited amount of information between the mobile users. This limited form of Text service is now the backbone for many complex services like downloading, tracker system and many more. The basic functionality of the components supporting SMS in GSM architecture are as follows. 5.2.1SME (Short Message Entity) Short Message Entities are the elements that can send or receive short messages. The SME that generates a short message is called originator SME and which receives messages is called recipient SME. MS BTS PSTN Internet Email gateway BTS TE BTS BSC ME HLR MSC SMSC SIM Figure 5-1: SMS Enabled GSM Architecture 5.2.2 SMSC (Short Message Service Center) The main function of SMSC (Short Message Service Center) is to relay short messages between SMEs and secondly to store and forward the messages if the recipient mobile is not active. 5.2.3MSC (Mobile Switching Center) MSC deals with the switching between mobile stations or between mobile stations and fixed networks. 5.2.4GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) The email gateway provides an email to SMS interoperability. This can be done by interconnecting the SMSC with the internet. Email gateway allows to send messages from a SME to an internet host and the reverse is also true. 5.2.5 HLR (Home Location Register) HLR is the database of the GSM network containing information about the subscriber. HLR maintains the mapping between the IMSI and MSISDN. 5.2.6VLR (Visitor Location Register) VLR is the database which contains information about the users who are attached to the mobile network. It is used to indicate the users geographical location. VLR is integrated with MSC through which it communicates with the other networks like PSTN (Packet Switched Packet Data Network), ISDN, SCPDN and PSPDN. 5.3Pros and Cons of SMS The incontestable advantage of SMS is that it is the essential part of in all GSM networks. This service is supported by 100% of the GSM handsets. A message send from any GSM network can be delivered to any other subscriber attached to the same or different network. It also permit to send one message to multiple senders. It is less costly as compared to the billing system of the local and international calls. The main drawback of SMS is its limited capacity. It limited is restricted to 160 characters. For sending long messages concatenation has to be done. The other drawback is that only text can be included in the messages. It does not support sending complex services like image, audio video. Furthermore due to high traffic sometimes, the message delivery is not guaranteed.